The Definition And Essence Of F O B Contract

The Definition And Essence Of F O B ContractA vender f.o.b. performs his obligation by putting the goods which accommo duration to the produce on jump on the embark at his expense. The commonplace rule in f.o.b. contracts is that fortune passes on freightage and according to the traditional view, this is do when the goods cross the enchants rail. Moreover, thither ar various vitrines of f.o.b. contract, and for the sake convenience, they have been grouped under tierce major headings which forecast on the conception of parties as decided by the harm of contract and the skirt circumstances. It is in the first place tell exclusively to the elaboration of the first of the two basic features of the f.o.b. contract menti unityd earlier, drawly, to the section of costs and responsibilities which putting goods free on game venire whitethorn real entail in various instances. For this reason they have been boundaryed respectively the stiff or classic f.o.b. contract, th e f.o.b. contract with additional services and the f.o.b. contract ( purchaser spying with carrier).The definition of F.O.B.It is difficult to define a FOB contract because in that respect are many variant variants Devlin J.1explains the FOB contract as a flexible instrument. The main obligations of the parties to an FOB contract were described judici onlyy in Wimble, Sons and Co v Rosenberg.2The trafficker moldiness put on batting regularise ship goods which conform to the contract a must pay all charges in connection with loading. The vendor is non obliged to book transport space in advance the purchaser must create the ship to carry the goods and notify the seller of the nominating address in conviction to forfeit the seller to deliver the goods on room. The costs of carriage are for the purchasers account.The midpoint of F.O.B. ContractIt is not easy to state in general shapes the duties of an f.o.b. seller, for the obvious reason that they vary according to the face of f.o.b. contract in question. A further difficulty in discussing the duties of the seller results from the circumstance that shipment under an f.o.b. contract is in many respects a cooperative enterprise, involving co-operation between buyer and seller. It tail, however, be verbalise that the principal duties usually undertaken by an f.o.b. seller are to put goods which conform with the contract on plank the ship in accordance with the shipping instructions (if any) befoold from the buyer, and the buyer are to jump out the expense of doing so. Additional duties may, of course, be undertaken in the contract.3When expression at the various discriminative pronouncements that have attempted to define the f.o.b. full term, one statement may be struck by the general term in which they are implicit. One of the earliest is probably Stock v Inglis4a movement dealt with unique(predicate) goods, where it was statedIf the goods dealt with by the contract were specific goods , it is not denied however that the words freeon board, according to the general understanding of merchants, would mean more than merely thatthe shipper was to put them on board at his expense they would mean that he was to put them onboard at his expense on account of the person for whom they were shipped and in that theatrical role thegoods so put on board under a contract would be at the run a risk of the buyer whether they were lost ornot on the voyage.Now that is the meaning of those words free on board in a contract with regard to specific goods, and in that case the goods are that the purchasers risk, level(p) though the payment is not to be made on the delivery of the goods on board, entirely at some separate time, and although the bill of lading is sent forward by the seller with documents attached, in order that the goods shall not be finally delivered to the purchaser until he has true the bills or paid cash.5Almost a century later lord C.J. similarly stated in J . Raymond Wilson Co. Ltd. v. N. Scratchard Ltd.6that the f.o.b. term hasFor a long time, for certain more than one hundred years, had a well-known meaning, and if a society sells goods free on board, the meaning is that he has to put the goods on board and to pay the expense of doing so, and delivery is made and the goods are at the risk of the buyer when they are on board, the expense having been paid by the seller.7 look in both these judgments, on that point are two characteristics of the f.o.b. terms, which fag be summarized as followsthe seller must pay the cost and bear the responsibleness of putting goods free on board , in early(a) words, bear the full liability for the cost and safety of the goods until the point of their passing the ships rail, andthat upon this beingness consummate delivery is complete and the risk of loss in the goods is in that location and hence transferred to the buyer.8However, the above cited definitions are only directed to the essential features of the f.o.b. term. They do not include an extensive or detailed examination of a variety of marginal responsibilities of which many have been the subject of dispute and even litigation between parties to f.o.b. sales. For example, they do not paint a picture whether an obligation, monetary or other, which relates to the shipment of the goods, that must be complied with before the goods can in fact be loaded, is for the buyers or for the sellers account.9In the absence of express contractual stipulations, judicial interpretations have had to rely on usage or custom and by implication attempt to ascertain what the intention of the parties with respect to accomplishment must have been.Furthermore, in that respect are various figures of f.o.b. contracts, and for the benefit of convenience, they have been dissever into three groups. The variations appear in the other incidents of the relationship between the parties play upon the terms of the contract and the surrounding circumstances.10The first grapheme is the strict or classic f.o.b. contract. The blurb is the f.o.b. contract with additional services. The last sheath may be described as the f.o.b. contract (buyer contracting with carrier).11Type of F.O.B. clausesSchmitthoff states that the term f.o.b. is used in transactions of different character and the responsibilities which arise under the clause differ according to the nature of the transactions in which the term occurs. The incidental obligations which the term f.o.b. implies have to be ascertained by an depth psychology of the express or implied intention of the parties. A distinction of considerable realistic importance is that between three characters of f.o.b. contracts, and, it depends on the parties which of these types are used.12The first type is the strict or classic f.o.b. contract. Schmitthoff explains this type of f.o.b. in the following term. He saidUnder this arrangement the buyer has to build a equal ship. When it arr ives in the port of shipment, the seller places the goods on board under a contract of carriage by sea which he has made with the carrier, but this contract is made for the account of the buyer. The seller receives the bill of lading which normally shows him as consignor and is to his order, and he transfers it to the buyer. Marine insurance is normally put by the buyer straight off, if he wishes to insure, but he may excessively ask the seller to arrange marine insurance for the buyers account.13The second type is the f.o.b. contract with additional services. Schmitthoff notes thatUnder this arrangement the shipping and insurance arrangements are made by the seller, but this is done for the account of the buyer. In this type of f.o.b. contract the buyer is not under an obligation to construct a suitable ship but the nomination is done by the seller. Again, as in contracts of the first type, the seller enters into a contract with the carrier by sea, places the goods on board shi p and transfers the bill of lading to the buyer.14The third gear type may be described as the f.o.b. contract (buyer contracting with carrier). Schmitthoff states that here the buyer himself enters into a contract of carriage by sea directly or through an agent, e.g. a forwarder. Naturally the buyer has nominated the ship, and when it calls on the port of shipment, the seller puts the goods on board. The bill of lading goes directly to the buyer and does not pass through the sellers hands.15Consequently, in f.o.b. contract of the first and third type the buyer has the responsibleness to nominate the ship, but in the second type this barter rests with the seller.16Furthermore, in contracts of the first and second type the seller is in contractual relationship with the sea carrier, and for this reason the second type has been described as a variant of the first type.17However, for the third type it is the duty of the buyer who may make the contract of carriage by sea with the carri er and the seller is not a party in this contract.18The Duties of the PartiesThe f.o.b. term is very flexible. Therefore, the duties of the parties between three types of f.o.b. contract subjects to the intention of the parties and the surrounding circumstances which of these types is used.191) Nomination of VesselThe obligation to nominate the watercraft can be placed on the seller or the buyer. However, unless agreed otherwise, this duty in f.o.b. contract is on the buyer.20Hence, in this case the buyer has to nominate an effective vessel in which he has booked shipment space. The buyer also has the duty to inform the seller of the name of the ship and the date when the vessel will be available for loading.21The nomination must be notified to the seller to give the seller sufficient time to put the goods on board a ship nominated by the buyer.If the buyer fails to nominate an effective vessel is a breach of contract, the seller is entitled to shout damages for breaching of the c ontract. Nevertheless, the seller will not be able to admit the purchase price if the buyer has not nominated an effective ship because the ownership in the goods will continue with the seller. In Colley Overseas tradeers22the seller was only entitled to damages, and not to the purchase price since the buyer failed to name a ship so property in the goods still remain with the seller and never passed to the buyer.23As a result of this uncertainty, the seller is well-advised to insist upon a contract clause requiring the purchase price to work due on a fixed date, whether a suitable vessel has been named or not.24Some f.o.b. contracts need the purchasers notification of the vessels nomination and readiness to receive delivery of the goods is given to the seller in advance of delivery. Then, if the buyer fails nominate a vessel on time means he is in breach of the contract, and the seller may refuse to deliver the goods on board, in Bunge Corp. v Tradax Export S.A.25was held that The court will require precise conformation with stipulations as to time, wherever the circumstances of the case indicate that this would fulfil the intention of the partiesAnd thatIt is clearly essential that both buyer and seller should know simply what their obligations are, most especially because the ability of the seller to fulfil his obligation may well be totally dependent on punctual performance by the buyer.Schmitthoff states that the buyer has the duty to nominate a vessel in a strict f.o.b. contract and an f.o.b. (buyer contracting with carrier) contract. However, this duty is not necessarily for him in f.o.b. contracts with additional services since in this type of contract he may leave the choice of the ship to the seller.262) Substitute Vessel eon of nomination is usually of the essence of the f.o.b.contract. Therefore, if the nominated ship is withdrawn or the nomination fails for some other reason, the buyer is obliged to name a substitute vessel, on condition th at loading can be accomplished within the contract dot.27This was so held in Agricultores Federados Argentinos v. Ampro S.A.28.Consequently, it means that if the buyers first nomination fails and the original vessel becomes unavailable for any reason, a substitute vessel may still be nominated by the buyer, provided loading can be completed within the contract period.29Moreover, the purchaser must serve any additional expense caused by the substitution.3) The Duty to Obtain an Export LicenseNormally the duty to obtain an export authorise is on the seller since he is in the better position to do so and the language of the contract or the surrounding circumstances may indicate that the seller was symboliseed to assume this duty.30On the other hand, if he does not, in that respect is no rule about who should have the duty to procure an export license under an f.o.b. contract. Each case must be set on its own fact and situation. In H.O. Brandt Co Ltd. v H.N. Morris Ltd31the lawc ourt of Appeal held that the obligation of applying for and obtaining an export license lay with the buyers rather than the sellers andScrutton L.J. observed thatthe buyers were under a duty to provide an effective vessel that is to regulate a vessel, which can legally carry the goods. If this is so the obtaining of a license is the buyers concern. It is their concern to have the vessel sent out of the country later the goods have been put on board and the fact that a rampart against export includes a prohibition against bringing the goods to the port or other place for exportation does not cast a duty of obtaining a license on the sellers. Bringing the goods on to the port is merely footslogger to the export, which is the gist of the license.On the other hand, in A.V. Pound Co Ltd. v M. W. Hardy Co. Inc.32, by the House of Lords was held that in the circumstances of the case the duty to secure the export license was cast on the sellers and not on the buyers.Accordingly, it i s obvious that duty to secure an export license will depend upon the circumstances of each case that it shall be obtained by the seller or the buyer.4) Transfer of PropertyUnder the ships rail rule is explained that for the f.o.b. contract there is a presumption that the passing of property to the buyer occurs when the goods pass the ships rail, but this remains subject to any express indication by the parties that they intend the passing of the property can occur at a different time under the Sale of Goods Act 1979, s.17.According to the above rule, there is the legal notion is applied despite the fact that some period before passing the ships rail it will have become breezy for the seller to recall and substitute the goods.In Pyrene v Scindia Navigation Co. Ltd. 195433, saida fire tender was damaged during the loading process at one time before it had crossed the ships rail. The property in the soods remained with the seller at the time they were damaged even though, in reality, the seller could not by then have halted the loading to call the fire tender back to set ashore to substitute it with another.5) Transfer of RiskIn f.o.b. contract Goode notes to the passing of risk of the goods that the risk passes to the buyer on shipment even though the seller has retained the bill of lading, or has had it made out to his own order to secure the price, and even if he intended to reserve a aright of disposal.34Conclusion

Nerve And Tendon Gliding Exercises Health And Social Care Essay

cheek And si current Gliding utilizations Health And Social C ar Essay radio wrist b angiotensin converting enzyme bone joint bone delve Syndrome was first described by Sir James Paget in 1854 save the verge was coined by Moeirisch. It is a syndrome of coalescence neuropathy of average ticker at the articulatio radiocarpea. carpal bone burrow Syndrome results in considerable discomfort and distress, limitation of activities of daily living, want of sleep and work impairment. (Levine et al., 1993). Twenty percent of symptomatic subjects with symptoms of put out, numbness, nocturnal parasthesia and prickling sense in the collapse would be expected to get under ones skin carpal turn over syndrome base on the clinical examination and electro physiologic proveing. carpal TUNNEL SYNDROME IN maternityCarpal cut into Syndrome is to a greater extent denounce in pregnancy because the systemic process increases the extra capsular silver retention by the internal secretion Prolactin and produce soft wander swelling in the by and bywards stages (third trimester) of their pregnancies. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome elicit and so be produced by compression or swelling of the median centre in its synovial face (Gelberman et al., 1981 Snell, 2000 Szabo, 1989 Primal Pictures, 2001 Rempel et al., 1999).Many therapies have been advocated for treating the carpal delve syndrome including Mobilizations, expression navigation, tendon gliding, etcetera at that placefore the presence learning was foc utilise on the Effect of Nerve and Tendon gliding Exercises in the useful convalescence of the carpal delve syndrome during pregnancy.Tendon gliding Exercises were gener on the wholey manageed at the end range of motion at small amplitude ar performed at the limit of easy motion and stressed into the tissue resistance. These answers are judgement to relieve imperativeness on the median tenderness and stretch the carpal ligaments, which also military services diminution pressure. They are also thought to help blood flow out of the carpal dig, which can help decrease fluid pressure.INCLUSIVE CRITERIA with child(predicate) Women with torment and swelling in the wrist for at least 1 month.Pregnant women with both one-party and bilaterally symmetrical carpal burrow syndrome.Pregnant women with age gathering amongst 25years and 32years.EXCLUSIVE CRITERIANon- fraught(p) women with carpal tunnel syndrome.Pregnant women having other crookednesss like hypothyroidism, diabetes that may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome.Any other trauma connect injuries in hand.Males.MATERIALS AND METHODSNerve and Tendon Gliding Exercises. available consideration exceed for measuring functional activity.HYPOTHESISNerve and Tendon Gliding Exercise programme willing be achievementive in the intercession of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.NULL HYPOTHESIS in that respect may non be any significance between the warmness an d tendon gliding exercise programme and carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.OBJECTIVESThe aim of this meditate is to determine from the available evidence the potential of Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises programme in carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy victimisation Functional position dental plate for performance and Symptom Severity Scale for wrist pain. learn frameA thoroughgoing of 20 uncomplainings having carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy are selected to find out the effectiveness of impudence and tendon gliding exercises on them.The duration of canvas per patient 4 weeksTreatment session 10 minutes per session / 2settingsTreatment per week 7 days era OF STUDY 6 monthsOUTCOMERelief of pain and swelling in hand.An receipts in the functional big businessman of hand.Awareness is created for the working pregnant women especially with computers, typewriters, cake decorators, comportal workers, dentists, and dental technicians virtually, who use thei r hands and wrists clamantly.Avoiding the grimness of median nerve injury, which may lead to claw hand if un noniced. inductionSir James Paget first described carpal Tunnel Syndrome in 1854 but Moeirisch coined the term. It is a syndrome of compression neuropathy of median nerve at the wrist. INTRODUCTIONCarpal Tunnel Syndrome results in considerable discomfort and pain, limitation of activities of daily living, press release of sleep and work disability. (Levine et al., 1993).The Carpal Tunnels floor is make up of the 8 tiny wrist bones. Its roof is a thick ligament called the transverse carpal ligament. 9 tendons pass done this tunnel. 4 of the 9 tendons bend the tips of the hitchhike, another(prenominal) 4 of the 9 tendons bend the middle joints of the finger, and the 9th tendon bends the tack tip.The median nerve passes through this tunnel. When thither is swelling or if there is thickening of the ligament the nerve gets pinched or compresses. With enough compression ca rpal tunnel symptoms occur. If the compression is severe or occurs over a thirster plosive consonant of time the nerve may change knead and overleap causing some permanent damage.Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs cod to numerous causes likeWrist injury wrist bone TUNNEL SYNDROME IN PREGNANCYCarpal tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is more sponsor in pregnancy because the systemic process increases the extra capsular fluid retention by the hormone Prolactin and produce soft tissue swelling in the later stages (third trimester) of their pregnancies. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can so be produced by compression or swelling of the median nerve in its synovial sheath (Gelberman et al., 1981 Snell, 2000 Szabo, 1989 Primal Pictures, 2001 Rempel et al., 1999).CTS have been recognized as a common complication of pregnancy (HeckmanSassard, 1994). The pathophysiology of pregnancy related CTS (PRCTS) has been mostly attributed to redistribution of fluids (Ekman-Ordeberg et al., 1987 Wand, 1990 Pauda et al.,2001).Signs And Symptoms1.Pain that shoots from the hand up the fort as far as the shoulder.2.Tingling in the hands during the day or the night that disrupts sleep and limits the ability to grasp objects with the hands.3.Weak feeling in the hands, and the inability to pick up small objects.4. The feeling that the hands are swollen, til now if they do not appear to be so.5.Burning numbness and tingling sensation in the interchange and first three fingers.6.Weakness in the energy at the base of the thumb, near the deal.Motor weakness will be seen in abductor pollicis brevis, flexor polices brevis and opponens policis brevis. Passive flexion or hyperextension of the affected hand at the wrist for more than one minute may worsaen symptoms.(Phalen.G.S.,1966). percussion of the median nerve at the wrist causes paresthesis of the digits (Steward.J.D.,1978).Early Treatment1.Splinting the wrist in a sluggish position.2.Avoiding the activities which causes pain if possible3.Tendon and nerve gliding exercises.4.Massaging5.Elevating the arm or flicking6.Neural mobilisation7.Ultrasound, icing, as pain relieving modality etc.Non operative intervention s is more effective in azoic stageas such as NSAIDS and local corticosteroids injections.If the problem is severe surgery is made to release the carpal tunnel.Diagnostic criteriaHarrington etal suggested surveillance criteria for carpal tunnel syndrome should be pain or parasthesia or sensory losss in the median nerve distribution and one of the followingTinels sign cocksurePhalens runnel positiveNocturnal exacerbation of symptomsMotor loss with wasting of the abductor pollicis brevis supernormal nerve conduction studies.Nocturnal and exertonal dyesthesias in the radial half of the palm occur in 10% to 25% of pregnant women. When the carpal tunnel syndrome occurs, the symptoms area more often bilateral. Onset of symptoms is typical during the third trimester. Because of itas trnsient temper carpal tunnel synd rome during pregnancy is best interact by using conservativist measure outs, such as tendon and nerve gliding exercises. That consequent pregnanciesaraae frequently associated with repeated episodes of carpal tunnel syndrome confirms the association of carpal tunnel syndrome and pregnancy.Gliding ExercisesTendon gliding and median nerve-gliding exercises are twain types of exercises that may help with carpal tunnel syndrome. These exercises are thought to relieve pressure on the median nerve and stretch the carpal ligaments, which also helps decrease pressure. They are aolso thought to help blood fow out of the carpal tunnel, which can help decrease fluid pressure.Fist flexure ExercisesFist Flexion Exercises(also known as tendon gliding exercises) move your fingers through 5 positions while your wrist stays in a unbiased position(meaning it is not bend). To perform this exercise, do the following1.Start with your fingers straight.2.Make a hook fist and past slip away to a straight hand.3.Make a straight fist and therefore return to a straight hand.4.Make a full fist andthen return to a straight hand.Hold each positons for seven seconds amd do 10 repetitions. Repeat three multiplication to five timeas a day.Median Nerve Gliding ExercisesFor median nerve gliding exercises ou move yout thumb through 6 positi0nswhile your wrist stays a neutral position. To perform this exercise, do the following1.Begin by making a fist with your wrisat in the neutral position.2.Straigthen your fingers anad thumb.3.Bend your wrist back and move your thumb away from your palm4.Turn your wrist palm up5.Use your other hand to gently pull uyout thumb farther away from your palm.Hold each position for seven seconds, and do five repetitions. Repeat three ti five times a day.Effectiveness of the Tendon and nerve gliding exercises use as right discussion approachesd in relieving the symptoms of the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.(Lamia Pinar, Asgel Enhos et al.,)Defin itionCarpal tunnel syndrome is a condition caused by compression of median nerve in spite of appearance the carpal tunnel leads to sensory changesover the lateral side of the hand and muscle weakness in thenar eminence, results in pain, numbness and tingling of fingers. It normally occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy.Aim of StudyA STUDY OF authority OF NERVE AND TENDON GLIDING EXERCISES AS TREATMENT APPROACH TO CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME DURING PREGNANCY.OBJECTIVESThe aim of this culture is to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of Nerve and Tendon gliding exercises programme in carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy using Functional Status Scale for performance and optic linear get over for wrist pain.HYPOTHESISNULL HYPOTHESISThere may not be no significance between the nerve and tendon gliding exercise programme and carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. switch over HypothesisNerve and Tendon Gliding Exercise programme will be effective in the disc ussion of carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy. come off of literature1.Lamia Pinar, Asgel Enhos et.alConducted an experiment study on total of 26 patients with caroal tunnel syndrome were carve up into two groups. In one group the volar splint were applied and trained to modify their functional activities in accordance witrh conservative treatment. In group two tendon gliding exercises were continued for 4 weeks with numeric rating scale and Gonuiometry. It comcluded that group two reported first-class results in pain diminution and functional improvement than gropup one.2.Akaline.E.,et.al.,(2002)Conducted an experimental study on carpal tunnel syndrome with a total of 28 patients with 36 hands of CTS, which were divided into two groups, with 14 patients each. One group was handle with nerve and tendon gliding exercises along with employment made neutral volar splint, and another group was treataed with only neutral volar splint for 4 weeks continuously. Patientas satisfac tion was invesatigated during the follow up ranging from 5-11 month, with a mean of 8 month. The study explained that, of those patients who performed nerve and tendon gliding exercise with wearing custom made neutral volar splint, 93% reported well-behaved results, and of those patients who have only wearing neutral volar splint, 72% reported good results. American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 2002, Feb81(2), Pp108-13).3.Rosemaryn .L.M., et.al.,(1998)Conducted an experimental study on carpal tunnel syndrome with 240 hands, from 197 patients. They were divided into two groups. Patients in both groups were hard-boiled with standard conservative methods, and those in one group were also treated with a program of nerve and tendon gliding exercise of those who did not perform the nerve and tendon gliding exercise, 71.2% underwent surgery compared with only 43.0% of patients who did perform them. Patient in experimental group, who did not undergo surgery were interview ed at an average follow-up time of 23 months (range, 14-38 months), of these 53 patients, 47(89%) responded to this detailed interview of those 47, who responded, 70.2% reported good or excellent results, 19.2% remained symptomatic, and 10.6% were non-complaint.(Journal of Hand Therapy, 1998, Jul-Sep11(3),171-9).4.Dakowick.A.,(2005)the purpose of the study was to evaluate the reusableness in conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. 40 Patients aged 30-72 years, with unilateral CTS cofirmed by electromyogram examination were included. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on clinical symptoms according to Whitley. The character of pain, its relative frequency and intensity ( vessel Scale) were determined using parameter. Decrease in pain was sight by the usae of VAS. (Rock Akad Med Bialmyst, 200550-suppi196-8).5.Bonebrake.A.R.,et.al.,(1990)the study was designed to assess the efficacy of a proposed new and unique programme relative to treatment. The patients diagn osed as CTS were compared to run into to a control population pointing no symptoms. Prior to undergoing treatment and following extremity of the treatment programme. Results indicate that individuals with CTS had importantly lower cling tos in strength, ROM, and dilatory task performance than did the controlratings of pain anad distress were also importantly higher than the control groups. Analysis of the military position treatmaent cases revealed statistically significant improvements in several measures of up to statistically significant improvements in several measure of up to 25% over interest treatment cherishs. Significant improvement was also shown to several ROM measures of upto 22%. Finally, a significant step-down of 15% pain and distress ratings was demonstrated in the topographic point treatment cases. (Journal of Manipulative Physical Therapy, 1994 (May)17(4)246-249).6.Scrimsha.S.R.,et.al.,(2001)Conducted a comparative study between the responsiveness of opt ic analogue scale and McGill pain questionnaire. Measures in 75% patients and conclude that the VAS was a better tool than the McGill pain questionnaire for measuring pain in clinical practise.7.O.Baysal, Z.Altay et.alConducted a study in 28 female patient with clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of bilateral carapal tunnel syndrome. They were divided into two groups. assemblage 1 stock tendon gliding exercise with splinting. classify 2 received splinting with ultrasound for a period of 4 weeks with ocular analogue scale and Functional status scale.8.Bringer TL.,Roger IC et.alconducted a randomise trial in totoal of 61 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. They were divided into quadruple groups. concourse 1 received neutral wrist and MCP exercise group. Group 2 received neutral wrist MCP exercise along with splint. Group 3 received wrist cock-up exercise and Group 4 received wrist cock-up exercise and tendon gliding exercise along with splintas perfoarmed 3 times a day . The tool used to asses the function is functional Status Scale and Symptom Severity Scale. There was significant effect in Group4.9. Sonodyn, Sieman(2000)Conducted an experiment on study of 16 patients. They was treataed with Ultrasound for a period of 4 weeks and the pain was assessed. In this, 88% reported good reasult and reduction pain was assessed by using optical Analogue Scale.10. Davis.P.T.,et. al., (1998)Conducted an experimental study to compare the efficiency of conservative management care with chiropractic care in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. The group with 9 week of treatment and a 1 month follow-up interview. 96 eligible patients with symptoms were conformend by clinical exam and nerve conduction studies. Conservative treamtment included mobilisation of carpal bone, soft tissues, joints (three treatment per week for 2 wee, two treatment per week for 3 week, and one treatment per week for 4 wek). principal(prenominal) outcomes measures were pre and post ass essment of self reported physical and mental distress, nerve-conduction studies, results show that there was significant improvement in perceived function and comfort, neve conductuion and finger sensation. (Journal of Manipulative Physiotherapy, 1999 June22(55)348-9)11. FD Burke, J Ellis, H McKenna, M J Bradley(2003)Carpal Tunnel syndrome of mild to moderate severity can often be in effect treated in a primary care environment. Work spot modifications wrist splints tendon and nerve gliding exercises are of benefit and useful for symptomatic women in the third trimester of pregnancy.12.Shaafi Sh*, Naimain Sh*, Iromlou H*, Sayyah Melli M**A gubbins sample of 90 pregnant women (30 women from each trimester) were referred from Al-Zahra Hospital of the electrodiagnostic ward of examined clinically and then by electroneurodiagnostic tribulations.There were suspected symptoms of CTS in 45 patients. The most frequent symptom and sign were hands paresthesia(34%) and positive tinel and ph alen sign(each22%). CTS was definite diagnosis in 15 women(16.6%) by electroneurodiagnostic studies. Mild bilateral troth was seen in 73.3% of patients. There was a meaningful relationship between CTAS and trimester that 26.6% of patients were at third trimester. likewise there was a meaningful relation to age. The CTS was more frequent in ilder women.13.BaumannF, Karlikaya G, Yuksel G, Citci B, Kose G, Tireli H(2007)Pregnant women in the third trimesater (n=69) and age-matched non-pregnant women (n=40) asymptomatic for CTS were included in the studyNerve conductn studies of themedian and the ulnar nerves across the carpal tunnel were bilaterally performed with the standard techniques. only the median sensory nerve conduction studies performed from the ring finger and volar region to the wrist. Median sensory nerve latencies from palmar branches to wrist were significantly longer in the pregnant group.(p14. OConner.D.,et.al.,(2002)Conducted an experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of non surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome versus a placebo or other non-surgical control interventions in up clinical outcome. Twenty ine trials involving 884 people were included. In one trial involving 21 people carpal bone mobilization significantly improved symptoms later on(prenominal) three weeks, (weighted mean deflection is -1.4395% confidence interval is 2.19 to -0.67), compared to no treamtment. Current evidence shows significant forgetful term bebefit from carpal bone mobilization. (Cochrane Databasae syst Rev.2003(1)CD003219).MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYMATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYFULL knaveMATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYMATERIALS USEDCouchChairPillowFoot shopVAS SCALEFUNCTIONAL STATUS SCALEMETHODOLOGYSTUDY DESIGNQuasi experimental study with Pre Vs.Post test design.STUDY try outThe 10 samplings were selected from RetnaGlobal Hospital, Trichy and Thanthai Roever College of Physiotherapy, perambalur. A total number of 10 subjects were diagnosed as symp tomatic Carpal Tunnel syndrome during pregnancy at age group of years was selected by Quasi-experimental purposive random sampling method after giving due consideration to inclusion and exclusion criteria.STUDY aspectThe study was conducted at Outpatient Physiotherapy Department in Thanthai Roever College of Phsiotherapy, Perambalur, Rathna Global Hospital, EMG Laboratory in PG Studies under the supervision of concerned authority.STUDY ageThe study was conducted for a period of 4 weeks.INCLUSION CRITERIAPregnant women with pain and swelling in the wrist for 1 month.Both unilateral and bilateral involvement.Age 25 years and 32 years.EXCLUSIVE CRITERIANon pregnant women with carpal tunnel syndrome.Pregnant women having other complications like hypothyroidism, diabetes which may lead to carpal tunnel syndrome.Any other trauma related injuries.Abnormal roentgenogram of the wrist.Males.Gained surgical of symptoms.History of steroid injection into the carpal tunnel.PARAMETERA.VISUAL el ongate SCALE(VAS)The VAS Scale is the valid and reliable measurement tool for pain.It is used to measure the pain reaction that the patient experience before and after nerve and tendon gliding exercises of median nerve.VAS Scale consists of 10cm even line with two ends labeled as no pain(0) and severe pain(10), the patient will mark a point on the line, which corresponds to the intensity of pain what theyexperience.B.FUNCTIONAL STATAUS SCALE(FSS)Functional Status Scale was used to measure the functional disability offhand. It consists of six items of questionnaire (writing, buttoning of clothes, holding a book while reading, household, carrying grocery bags, clean and dressing).SCORING06-12 -No difficulty13-18 -Mild difficulty19-24 -Moderate difficulty25-29 -cannot do at all due to hand or wrist symptoms.PROCEDUREA total of 10 subjects with symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy was selected randomly with due consideration to inclusion an exclusion criteriaA brief dem onstration was condition about tendon and nerve gliding techniques for the patient.Pre test info and post taest data was collected with VAS and FSS Scale. The results were recorded.The subjects weare given nerve and tendon gliding exercises.The results of post test of the same parameter was recorded and compared.Statistical toolsThe statistical tool used in this study were opposite t-test.PAIRED T-TESTt-test was used to find out the statistical significance between Pre and Post test determine of tendon and nerve gliding exercises and VAS pain response and FSS Scale response before and after treatment.FORMULA PAIRED T-TESTS= dd =Difference between the Pre stress Vs post Test_d= dream up balancen=Total number of subjectsS=Standard expirationDATA PRESENTATIONDATA PRESENTATIONTABLE-1S.NoVisual Analogue scalePre Test Post TestFunctional Status ScalePre Test Post Test1.8 427 162.7 327 123.8 526 154.9 429 135.7 225 156.8 425 127.9 328 168.7 428 169.8 227 1710.8 328 14DATA compend AND INTERPRETATIONDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONThis chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the Datas collected from 10 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy and the effect of nerve and tendon gliding exercises aas a treatment approach to carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy by comparing the VAS Scale for pain response and FSS for functional ability.TABLE IIThe board II shows the mean value, mean diference, standard deviation and paired t value between pre and post test value of Visual Analogue Scale for patientas whao have been subjected to tendon anad nerve gliding exercises.VASMeanMean differenceStandard deviationPaired t valuePre testPost test7.93.44.51.0713.28It explains the paired t value of pre and post test value was 13.28 at 0.05 level of significance which was greate than the tabulated t value 2.26. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference between pre versus post test. The pre test mean was 7.9 the post test mean waas3.4 and the difference was 4.5 which showed that there was a reduction in Visual Analogue Scale take a crap in post test values in which the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention.THEREFORE THE STUDY IS REJECTING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS AND ACCEPTING THE riffle HYPOTHESIS.GraphVisual analogue scale Pretest VS Post testSeries1 PretestSeries2 PosttestFunctional Status Scale Pre test Vs Post TestSeries1 PretestSeries2 PosttestTABLE terceTable III representas the mean values,mean difference, standard deviation and paired t value of Functional Status Scale who have been subjected to tendon and nerve gliding exercises.FSS ScoreMeanMean differenceStandard deviationPaired t valuePre testPost test27.114.612.52.2217.7It explains the paired t value of pre versus post sessions awas 17.7 at 0.05 level of significance which was great than the tabulated t value 2.26. this showed that there was a statistical significant difference between the pre and post test resultas. The pr tesat ment was 27.1, the post test ment was 14.6,and the difference was 12.5 which showed that there was a reduction in functional status scale score in post test values in which recovery of the selected samples in response to intervention.Thrrefore the study is rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the tack together hypothesis.GraphDISCUSSIONDISCUSSIONThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of tendon and nerve gliding excercises in reducing the pain and improving the functional ability of hand in patient with carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.Carpal tunnel syndrome is most common and significant of all nerve entrapment syndromes (Phalen.G.S. 1972). It causes 20% of all compression syndromes especially in the third trimester of pregnancies.A total number of 10 subjects of age group of 25-32 years were selected for the study. Visual Analogue Scale for pain and Functional Status Scale for functional ability were taken as parameters to measure the affliction of p atients. Pre test data has collected for the subjects and computed.They were subjected to tendon and nerve gliding exercises for 4 weeks. The result of post teat of same parameter was recorded for comparison after 4 weeks of treatment. The paired t test was used to compare the pre VS post test results of subjects.Caarpal tunnel syndrome is a common condition among people who do repetitive wrk all day lke punching keys on computer or cash picture or even pressing on the strings of a violin. Pregnant women are also susceptible to carpal tunnel syndrome even if they do not type or play msic all day. The studies have shown that one out of four pregnant women complains of the syndrome usually in the second or third trimester of pregnancy when fluid retention in the aarms and hands is more likely to put pressure on the nerve that leads to the hands anad fingers.The nauseous system is normally under some pressure and tension. If the tension is breaked there results some bm(Millesi.et.al .1972).Dackowicz . A.,, conducted an study to evaluate the usefulness in conservative treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome.According to Butler neural tissue requires movement to win healing and restoration of optimum mechanical properties.Decreased neural mobility and wayward mechanical tension in aflutter system can bugger off pain.(Butler and Elvey 1978).Mchellan and Swash in 1976 noted that wrist and fingers extensor wil move the median nerve at wrist 2 or 4 times more than the middle of the upper arm.According to Asgel Enhos tendon requires movement to promote functional ability.Rosmaryn and Asgel Enhos said that the decreased tendon gliding in nervous system can generate pain. Rosmaryn proposed that radicular pain might be mobilizing the manifold nerve.The mechanical respose is tendon movement in the cross sectional shape and viscoelastic function.So the treatment of tendon Gliding Exercise mah change the pressure gradient around the nervous system and releases the ten don thus reducing pain improving functional ability.SummarySummaryThe verifiable of the study was to determine from the available evidence the effectiveness of tendon and nerve gliding exercises programmed in reducing pain and of increasing the functional ability in the carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.To conduct the study, the total number of 10 carpal tunnel pataients during pregnancy with both unilateral and bilateral involvement at the age group 25 to 32 years, who were suitable for comprehensive criteria was selected by Quasi experimental purposive random sampling technique and informed consents were obtained from subjects individually.The pre and post test of VAS and FSS were conducted and recorded before and after treatment programmed for 4 weeks of nerve and tendon gliding exercises inmcarpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy.The paired t test is used to compare the pre and post test values of nerve anad tendon gliding exercises and the pain and functional ability a re computed by the VAS and FSS Scale.In the analysis and interpretation of the data based on the Visual Analogue Scale for pain the paired t- test value (13.28), which was greater than the tabulated paired t test val

Portrayal of Arabs and Muslims in Hollywood

Portrayal of Arabs and Muslims in HollywoodZeinab KobeissiOver the years, pre and deport 9/11, many people name noniced that Hollywood tends to disgrace Arabs and Muslims. In most western movies, Arab and Muslim references atomic number 18 subjected to racial and ethnic stereotyping and have continued to be the center of vilification for the entertain handst perseverance in the states. The mass media has depicted Arab and Muslim stomps in a chassis of airs within the Ameri prat gardening and the west in general. by dint of the societys media, literature, theatre, and many former(a) creative out(p)lets, stereotyping of Arabs and Muslims is manifested continuously. Such representations have been nix for the most part, whether they were based on historical facts or on works of fiction. They have give carewise had factually negative repercussions on Arabs and Muslims who go away in the west especially as a reaction to genuine events and when it came to daily interacti ons.Generally, Arabs and Muslims exist as whizz-dimensional characters in Hollywood cinematic works and appear almost sub- sympathetic. They atomic number 18 typically everlastingly a danger or a threat, ignorant, violent, and most importantly obsessed with grab or killing as many Westerners as possible as they supposedly view them as the enemy. Edward Said nonably coined the term Orientalism to bear witness the cultural habit of converting those from eastern refinements into the Other. The notion of Orientalism presents exotic characters that are created from a Western political and social biased perspective in order to provoke a powerful reaction against the eastern ending go at the compar open date confirming western values. Basically, the hero sandwich westerner defeats the nameless evil villain from the east and the western consultation in turn feels good about itself. In Reel severe Arabs, Shaheen states that televisions image of the Arab is omnipresent and is be coming a part of American folklore. He also says that Arabs have consistently appeared in American popular culture as billionaires, bombers, and belly dancers which are known as the 3 Bs for the role of a typical Arab character in a Hollywood movie.What most put sensation acrossm to be forgetting though is the fact that Muslim is no to a greater extent synonymous with Arab than Christian is with American. In Hollywood movies, Arabs are equivalent to Muslims, though Arabs actually comprise only 12 percent of the Islamic initiation population. Islam followers or supporters live on every continent and the Muslim majority is not present in the Middle East, rather in the Asia-Pacific region in countries like India, Malaysia, and Inthroughsia. In fact, the latter has the largest population of Muslims and is a constitutional republic.It is not very surprising, however, that Hollywood makes Arabs and Muslims synonymous, appearing in such a manner as unmatched. Hollywood is simply reinfo rcing the concept of Orientalism when it tell aparts to Muslims. Edward Said explains how the image of Muslims in the eyes of orientalists was not any diametrical from anti-Semitic views by saying that, Not accidently, I indicate that Orientalism and modern anti-Semitism have common roots The transport of a popular anti-Semitic animus from a Jewish to an Arab luff was made smoothly, since the figure was essentially the analogous. Basically, what Hollywood now does is use a newer and more effective technique to warp the image of Islam how Muslims are depict in Hollywood is similar to how the Jews were depicted in Nazi-inspired movies.It is crucial however, to elevate that thither have actually been almost movies after 9/11 that portray Muslims preferably fairly such as The 13th Warrior. regrettably though, the negative image is usually more influential than the positive one as it feeds peoples fears. According to a survey done by the Pew Forum in 2009, 35 percent of Americ ans reckon that Islam promotes violence more than the rest of the other religions. Moreover, according to a analyse done by Time Magazine, 62 percent of Americans do not personally know a Muslim American. This means that most Americans sort their concept of Islam from what the mass media offers them, and this is extremely problematic. Hollywood must give out an image that gives attention to what unites the people of this mankind, focusing on the positives and the universal humanitarian qualities that bring people together instead of dividing them.The 13th Warrior is one of the very few Hollywood movies that portray Arabs and Muslims realistically. The Arabs in this movie are portrayed in a way that they appear to be multi-dimensional just as any westerner would be in a Hollywood production. The Arab here is not only depicted as a regular human being tho even more so as an actual hero. Even Jack Shaheen deems it as one of the best depictions of Arabs in ikon it has a balanced and progressive image of Arabs. The important character, Ahmad ibn-Fadlan Ibn-Fadlan is an Arab, who is at the same time the narrator describing his exploits with the Vikings. He tells his experience with them looking sanction as an outsider. The life of these Vikings is lift upn from the perspective of a character who appears to be a wise(p) member of a civilized society, serving as an observer and the viewing audience window to a foreign culture from foreign eyes. by him, we see and react to traditions that neither we nor him are familiar with, and this makes the viewer discover more about him as well as those he is talking about.The way he adapts to their cultural ways and even adopts some of their social patterns as well adds more layers to his character, and this encourages respect and tolerance for other religions and races. Neither the Arabs nor the Vikings calculate to be radical or fanatic and no faith is criticized or put down. In The 13th Warrior, from the point o f view of the Arab other, we see characters from two distinct cultures and backgrounds haveing from each other and growing from the experience. The main character and protagonist in this Hollywood movie is actually a likable Arab who realistically tells the tale of his encounter with a strange culture and convincingly demonstrates his attempts to connect with this odd and bizarre human being that he has stepped into. In turn, the Vikings treat him kindly and put aside his differences instead of distrusting him for them. They even come to a point where they refer to him as little brother.The Arab is portrayed as rational and intelligent vs. impulsive and primitive. Ibn-Fadlan quietly learned the Vikings patois by immersing himself into their conversations during their nights next to the bonfire and carefully dissecting their language. He learns to understand it and turn to it by merely listening to them talk and repeating the sounds in his mind, a task that would in all likeliho od be impossible in real life. This helps his character appear as an educated man who is clever enough to fulfil incredible tasks quite quickly, which earned the respect of the Vikings.Another act of give-and- educate by Ibn-Fadlan is when he deciphers what the oracle had told him and his fellow warriors when they went to see her. The men valued to ask about the whereabouts of some men who had attacked them earlier, just now the woman was quite mad and could not speak very coherently. When no one was able to understand what she was hinting at, Ibn-Fadlan was able to put the clues together and finally tell the warriors where the men who had once attacked them lived. Not to mention that the Arab was the only one who was able to go forth a token from the enemy for the oracle to derive energy from. selective service sounds, which referred to the writing of letters and words, was something the Vikings knew only the Arab was capable of doing amongst them. A fellow warrior order Ibn -Fadlan drawing these sounds into the sand with a stick and wondrously questioned him about it. Ibn-Fadlan explained to him how he could also speak them back read them and showed him how it could be done. Even though the Viking still did not quite grasp this notion, he recognized Ibn-Fadlans spectacular ability to comprehend such a novel and complicated idea and eventually learned from him, as Ibn-Fadlan did from the Vikings.Even though Ibn-Fadlan is Arab and Muslim, in that location is no direct assumption that just because he is Arab he is also a Muslim. The emphasis of his identity remains on the fact that he is an Arab and that is where the focus lies. We discover he is Muslim when he tries to explain to the Viking that on that point is only one God, and that Mohammed is his prophet, which is an actual prayer in Islam. Also, we see him praying on the prayer mat only once in the entire movie, which helps in showing that Muslims are not necessarily praying and saying Allahu A kbar all the time as they do in most other Hollywood productions.We are used to perceive the intolerant and angry Arab who cannot accept other cultures and religions other than his own. In this film the Arab surprisingly shows tolerance to the others religion and cultural practices different a stereotypical Arab, as depicted by Hollywood, who is always at war with the West and their ways. When Ibn-Fadlan gets injured in battle, a Viking woman attempts to fix his wounds by applying cow urine. When he learns what she is putting on his cuts he reacts quite disgustingly and asks her for light water instead. After explaining how this is better for the wound to repossess properly, he complies and puts his recovery in her unusual methods.You would never imagine an Arab locomote in sack out with a Western woman and actually having a respectful and polite interaction as Hollywood almost always portrays the Arab man to be abusive and oppressive to women. Ibn-Fadlan falls in admire wit h a Viking woman and they share a mutual admiration to one another neither looks at the other as an other but rather as true equals. Unlike the usual Arab depiction of them mistreating women, here the Arab treats the Western woman with utter appreciation and affection. He even makes love to her outside of wedlock, that night after the big battle where they find themselves otiose to resist their attraction to one another, which is also not allowed in Islam. Ibn-Fadlan finds himself difficult out new things and not resisting exposing himself to alien traditions.The Arab is usually never adaptative or social in Hollywood films, but more unappealing off and un leave aloneing to interact with the outside world. Ibn-Fadlan breaks this stereotype and engages in a give and take relationship with the Vikings where he accepts that he can learn a few things from their culture just as they could from him. sensation of these examples is when he attempts, for the first time, to taste an alco holic beverage which a Muslim cannot have. conscientiously at the time, the fermentation of grapes and of wheat were forbidden in Islam, so when the Viking offers Ibn-Fadlan a drink after battle, he politely rejects. However, when the Viking explains to him that this was actually made of honey, Ibn-Fadlan dares to take a sip from the Vikings horn.At the beginning, Ibn-Fadlan is given a brand by the Vikings as this is what he would be using in battle. Arabs back then were used to fighting with lighter and a good deal thinner leaf blades, which meant in that location was no way the Arab was able to strategically fight and win with a marque that weighs almost twice or three times the one he usually uses. He adapts to certain fighting styles by discover the Vikings fight and learns to use new armory, such as the wooden sieve used for protection which he is also not accustomed to. At the same time though, while learning that he would be a much better fighter and far more useful a s a warrior, he decides to stick to the same old kind of sword he is used to and goes to the blacksmith asking for one according to his own specifications. Through this, the Vikings see the advantage of a lighter and therefore faster sword and are impressed with his wit. He successfully shows the Vikings that although his sword is lighter, although his horse is little (which he was ridiculed for), he can be far more effective. disrespect the fact two Arabs and Vikings are portrayed fairly and as both having equal negatives as well as positives, the Vikings are portrayed as somewhat more barbaric than the Arabs. Ironically, the way Arabs are portrayed as primitive in Hollywood movies is how the Vikings are portrayed in this movie, to some degree. They appear to be aggressive and impulsive, lacking hygiene, and not all that clever, while the Arab is the epitome of self-control, decency, and wit. Generally, neither is depicted as evil or sad they are both righteous and pious warrior s as shown by this film, but the underlying qualities of culture and traditions that are present for each are shown in different lights. The Vikings, in the beginning, are made out to look like complete fools and dirty slobs who possess limited intellectual skills. They share a bowel of water to remove snot from their noses and rinse their mouth with which they stretch out around for everyone to use. They also cast a few of bones to portend future events that might take place. However the Arab appears to be very clean and even shows disgust to their unhygienic ways (it is not shocking how he was unable to adapt to this specific cleansing method).The usual poor deception of Arabs and Muslims that dominates Hollywood movies is what seems to be pushing movies such as The 13th Warrior into the background. The kinky depiction of Arabs and Muslims is a representative image of how they truly are it is a myth and does not fully reflect reality. A certain connotation is masquerading as a denotation and it became so literal that people started believe it as fact. There exists this dominant meaning or understanding of Islam or Arab-ness, which is not fixed or inherent, rather created based on a complex of social interaction among the two parties or sides. The interplay between the different cultures created this iconic image and a certain decision was made when it was chosen to be represented in this manner it was agreed upon in a particular context to portray this value and this culturally imposed meaning.One thing is for sure Hollywoods determination on reacting to the same political and social spurs for years and even decades now is pretty consistent. No group of peoples provide more ground for Hollywoods degenerating stereotyping than Arabs and Muslims, and it seems that this is probably not going to change any time soon. As the worlds leading cinematic industry, the Arab stereotype has a greater negative impact on audiences today than it did decades ago. Nowad ays, Hollywoods films are created, developed, and disseminated world-wide, hit viewers globally. The foreign success of a movie has become the decider of its popularity it is not just domestic and local approval that deems a movie a hit anymore. Also, Arab images not only affect international audiences, but international movie makers as well in this case.Arabs and Muslims have given the world quite a lot throughout the years, from architecture to mathematics, but how much of it has found its way onto the movie screens? They have grown tired of seeing rudimentary and inaccurate depictions of themselves that are causing them to be extremely kinky to others on this planet. In fact, what does Hollywood think the 1.6 billion Muslims around the world are thinking when they see movies that they are depicted so unjustly in? Hollywood realizes that it has a key role to play in shaping public opinion (domestically and internationally) but only time will tell whether it ever decides to deli ver a realistic and just point of view on the Muslim world, the Arab world, and their peoples. The most effective films are the ones that remind us that the essence of our collective human experience shows us at our best, scanty of nationality, ethnicity, politics or religion. But before a movie can ever deliver that, it must be completely and utterly without stereotype to say the least, Muslim, Arab or otherwise.

History of African American Voters

History of African American VotersIn the year of 1619, American citizens resolute that the new and accepted way of heart was to force African citizens into slaveholding by kidnapping them and bringing them by ship to the earthly concern flat known as the get together States. These root words of people initially were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. They ended up becoming property and sold as slaves to their white owners. Slave-owners needed and depended on their property to aid in the deed of lucrative crops such as tobacco, indigo and cotton.This went on for over cc years. The northern and southern colonies did not agree on many jurisprudences. in that location was a big disagreement regarding slavery. It brought about the Civil War that took bewilder between 1861 and 1865. Many metamorphoses took place. Slavery was supposed to be abolished. When the war was over, African Americans were not readily told that they were free to leave the plantati ons that they considered to be their homes. Slave know were afraid that if they left, they would not be able to plant and harvest their crops that they depended on for income.When the freed slaves found out that they could leave the plantations, they realized that they had nowhere to go. Some were contented with that and simply narrow down out to go north where they hoped to settle surmount in any land of prosperity. Others took offers to remain on the plantations and work the land in exchange for food and a place to live. They were not presumption property to claim as their own. They were only given promises.Everyday life seemed the same. Nothing changed. From about 1900 to 1965, most African Americans were not allowed to vote in the South. When they tried to vote, they were threatened, beaten, and sometimes killed. Many of their homes were burned down or they were thrown off of the land that they lived on. Because most African Americans could not and did not consider school , they were illiterate and were not allowed to vote. Many introduces allowed only property owners to vote. There were instances where jars were fill with gumballs and the African Americans were told that they could vote if they were able to correctly guess the number of gumballs in the jars. Southern states required African Americans to pay a tax to vote. Laws were enacted that utter that people who had gone to prison were not allowed to vote. African Americans were very much arrested on charges for minor offenses to prevent them from suffrage. Charges were as petty as dropping a peanut shell on the ground or effort with a absolved out on their vehicle. The police usually knocked the light out after making the arrest.The Voting Rights spot was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965. It was supposed to help with barriers to voting at the state and local levels for African Americans who could not exercise their castigate to vote as given in the 15th Amend ment to the Constitution of the United States. There were not as many problems involved in laborious to vote in national elections.News reports citing stories of voter suppression and disenfranchisement of African Americans during the general election that took place in November 2016 captured headlines for months. It was alleged that African Americans face some of the same obstacles that they did before the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was enacted. African Americans be not seeed as they should be when making decisions of who they want to represent them in government. The field is not level and it sometimes causes apathy when it is comprehend that their voices will not be heard.Because African Americans are disproportionately potential to be in prison, they are lift officularly affected by the rampart of voting rights. According to Recoquillon, C. Sydenham, K., (2017)Felon disenfranchisement laws disproportionately affect ethnic minority communities on a national level. A highe r rate of captivity among the black and Latino populations leads directly to higher disenfranchisement rates.As a human Services Professional, my starting point towards advocacy and social change would be to comprise a group of employers, community leaders and elections to formally manage this problem of voter disenfranchisement and other barriers such as lack of theorise training and housing for felons when they re-enter society. These are all areas that are heady at the state level. Statewide statistics would have to be completed to betoken that felony disenfranchisement is severely increased by racial disparities in the criminal justness system. A finding would need to be made to show that these laws could be declared not permissible under certain articles of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. A meeting could then be held to lobby local and state congressional members representing certain districts to ask for changes inside the state laws regarding fully reinstating rights of felons in the state to participate in these areas. Things are too reminiscent of the years when African Americans were charged with crimes just to keep them from voting and playing a role in society that could benefit their lives.Because of my being a part of this diverse group, African American, some may feel that my advocating for this social change may reflect an unjust preference for this historically oppressed group of people. Also many problems and challenges arise with governmental regulations and perceptions of what state representatives and other resource personnel feel should be addressed by human attend personnel. They sometimes feel that getting into matters affecting laws and regulations are not within their scope of practice or knowledge.Due to the complex duties of human emolument professionals on a day to day basis, ethical standards are provided for counselor when dealing with many situations. The preamble of the Code of Ethics for social workers set guidance t o be followed. It is very helpful for review when a supervisory program is not available.ReferencesRecoquillon, C. Sydenham, K. Humanity In Action Inc. Democracys Punishment FelonDisenfranchisement. (2017). Retrieved fromhttp//www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/181-democracy-s-punishment-felon-disenfranchisement

French Essays Egalitarian Political Regimes

French Essays Egalitarian Political RegimesExplain and Discuss the discretion of Egalitarian Political Regimes, as Represented in BOTH the Lettres Persanes AND the Contrat Social.though The Spirit of Laws is probably the best-kn declare work of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, his Lettres Persanes (Persian Letters) is a nonher historied work in which he explores, with perhaps more depth, the nonion of comparison and egalitarian semipolitical rule. A generation later, John Jacques Rousseau would appear on the political landscape and present his own ideas on the same topic. forefront to be explored among his literary productions go out be the Contrat Social (Social Contract) in which Rousseau lays by with some detail a tidings of the reputation of egalitarian political regimes and explores various strengths and weaknesses of them.Montesquieu and the Fragility of EgalitarianismIn the beginning of the 89th letter, Montesquieu claims that A genus genus Paris rgnent la libert et lgalit. Birth make ups, social ranks, and rase military victories did not set men apart (in terms of class distinctions) in Paris during his writing. This was a thing to be praised by Montesquieu. He saw in addition much in the world that lent itself away from egalitarianism, at least(prenominal) insofar as the right of persons to be equal is concerned. It will be beneficial here to take a moment to set up Montesquieus views on the democracy to kick dispiritedstairs lay a rear end for his comments on equality. In Book 11 of the Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu explores the (then) unique web site in England of a monarchy controlled, to an extent, by a constitution, and it that portion of the Spirit of the Laws Montesquieu is mainly impressed by and concerned with the English existences liberty. As regards the very nature of a republic, Montesquieu argues in the Spirit of the Laws that there are three primary types of governmental systems. The diethylstilbesterolpo t rules by inculcating fear in the muckle. The monarch does better and rules by a whizz of honor and by fixed open laws. Both of these types of governing are fairly stable. One does not accept to ineluctably think of them as intrinsically delicate in the sense in which, say, the last political option (i.e., the republic) may be judgement to be fragile. The despot, so long as he maintains fear amongst the peoples, has nobody to fear himself.Apparently for Montesquieu, it is the monarchy which is the first and primary type of government. He writes in Letter 131 of the Lettres Persanes, Les premiers gouvernements du monde furent monarchiques. Coming on the heels of this original type of government would be two the despotic rule and the republic, the latter of which comes by chance, he indicates. Apparently, monocracy amounts to little more than a degeneration of an original monarchy. But, the republic is a genuine advancement of the Greeks. How eer, this advancement brings wit h it an intrinsic tendency toward reversion to that which preceded it, either monarchy or despotism, and this fact may be due to the complexity of the republic in both its nature and principles.For Montesquieu, one of the things that may typify the fragile nature of the republic is that it fuelnot survive without what Montesquieu calls political justice. It is this requirement that the citizens must equal this political virtue (without which the republic could not endure) that lends to the fragile nature of republics. If the people cease persisting in this virtue, the republic could not endure, for the republic exists and continues nevertheless so long as the habits and eventual character of political virtue are exemplified in the people. In the republic, there is no one-to-one counterpoise with what exists in despotism or a monarchy a strong profound authority. Therefore, the people must, by loving egalitarianism and the laws, arrange a emplacement for themselves wherein th e involve of the near are served, even if at the expense of the needs of the many. This is exactly what Greece did, he argues, and it is incumbent upon any subsequent attempts at a republic to do the same. Lamour de la libert, la haine des rois, conserva longtemps la Grce dans lindpendance, et tendit au loin le gouvernement rpublicain.Rousseau and the Fragility of EgalitarianismOne could hardly resist beginning the interchange on Rousseau with his famous opening to chapter one of the Contrat Social. Lhomme est n libre, et partout il est dans les fers. How this position situation came to be, Rousseau does not attempt to answer. Rather, he focuses his attention on how it is that man can get back to his original (or perhaps primal) utter of indigentdom. If man in a state of servitude obeys his masters, he does well. However, if he can break free from that state, he does better still because to be free is mans inherent and original state, seen most evidently deep down the rites of passage intrinsic to family life.Although it could not be rightly said that Rousseau takes no points of departure from the thought of Montesquieu, there are nevertheless significant points of obligation between them on the idea of the republic. Rousseah offers as his main contribution to the discussion over the republic that a return to the ancient (i.e., Greek) polis is the most advisable course of action. Yet, an intrinsic tension to this suggestion is that Rousseau simultaneously advocates the idea of the natural law quite strongly. According to Helena Rosenblatt, for Rousseau the natural law is a very self-interested concept, which is at least prima facie at odds with the republican ideal of each person being grounded in virtue and community of interests as that which adheres the republic together and maintains it. The more refined concept of the world(a) will complicates the matter further and makes egalitarianism a la republicanism an even more fragile thing.Rousseaus Ge neral WillIn his writings prior to the Social Contract, Rousseau had explicitly indicated that he denied that man was naturally and good a sociable creature. No, mans first inclinations are not toward the public good, but in the direction of particular self-interests and this is evident by the historical facts that les longs dbats, les dissensions, le tumulte, annoncent lascendant des intrts particuliers et le dclin de lEtat. So, what takes place amidst the social contract is the necessity of all citizens when laying down public policy to not act in merely self-interested ways. The good of the many, the common good, was to be the overriding concern of all citizens in this regard, and this is the public will of Roussea, which he explores and elaborates in great throughout the Social Contract. But, what makes this concept of the general will even more tense and lending to the institution of a fragile situation for egalitarianism is the paradoxical idea think to literally enforcin g that citizens act in accord with the general will.The general will is not merely reducible to the will of all people combined. No, it is the right will which ever seeks the good of the upstanding State and never acts in a merely self-interested way. It is basically the will of God then, which must ever be right and, since God is omnibenevolent and unceasingly has the interests of everyone in mind, this is in furrow with the general will as Rousseau explicates it here. He writes, Afin donc que le pacte social ne soit pas un vain formulaire, il renferme tacitement cet engagement qui seul peut donner de la force aux autres, que quiconque refusera dobir la volont gnrale y sera contraint par tout le corps ce qui ne signifie autre chose sinon quon le forcera dtre libre. This is the key to the whole enterprise. It prevents the social contract from becoming, as he says, un vain formulaire (an empty formula). But, of course, although such(prenominal) an aspect of the overall contract i s certainly sensible, how it is appropriated lends itself to fragility. The line is not always so clear when one is acting merely in his own self-interest and when he is acting in respect to the common good (or both simultaneously, which would apparently not violate the general will). It is not necessarily contradictory in its premise, but it is certainly paradoxical, as Rousseau surely felt. decisionBoth Montesquieu and Rousseau in their respective days were vastly aware with the attention problems associated with the reintroduction of the ancient ideas of the republic and egalitarianism. However, they each firmly believed that whatever problems may watch the advent of such in Modernity, it would certainly be worth it. For both of them, as most Westerners today would greatly sympathize, any form of egalitarianism via a republic, whatever fragility may accompany it, would be greatly preferable to either a monarchy or (especially) a despotic State. workings ConsultedKrause, Sharon. The Politics of Distinction and Disobedience Honor and the Defense of Liberty in Montesquieu, Polity 31, 3 (1999) 469-99.Grant, Ruth Weissbourd. Hypocrisy and Integrity Machiavelli, Rousseau, and the Ethics of Politics. wampum University of Chicago Press, 1999.Morris, Christopher W. The Social Contract Theorists Critical Essays On Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. Lanham, Md. Rowman Littlefield, 1999.Riesenberg, Peter N. Citizenship in the Western Tradition Plato to Rousseau. Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina Press, 1992.Rosenblatt, Helena. Rousseau and Geneva From the First parley to the Social Contract, 1749-1762. Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press, 1997.Shklar, Judith. The Spirit of the Laws necessity and freedom. In Montesquieu, pp. 93-110. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1987.

New Law :: essays research papers

CBS) Attorney General John Ashcroft denounced Tuesdays Supreme Court persuasion that disquieted a law banning computer simulations and other fool-the-eye depictions of teen-agers or fryren having sex, say it would make prosecutions more difficult.Where doable, he said, the judge Department provide reconstitute prosecutions it has brought to pursue "general obscenity charges against those who have victimized youngsterren."Child pornographers "will find little refuge" in the decision, he said. "We will broaden to use whatever resources we can to identify and prosecute child carbon black cases to the fullest extent of the law."Ashcroft also said that he was eager to work with sex act to revise the law.Youthful sexuality is an old theme in art, from Shakespeare to academy Award-winning movies, the court found in striking down the 1996 child pornography law on free speech grounds.The law would impose into question legitimate educational, scientific or artistic depictions of youthful sex, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote for a 6-3 majority."The statute proscribes the visual depiction of an idea that of teen-agers engaging in sexual activity that is a fact of modern society and has been a theme in art and literature throughout the ages," Kennedy wrote in a decision joined by four other justices. Clarence Thomas, one of the courts some conservative justices, wrote a separate opinion agreeing with the outcome.The court invalidated ii provisions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act as too broad and unconstitutional. Free speech advocates and pornographers had challenged the laws ban on material that "appears to be" a child in a sexually explicit accompaniment or that is advertised to convey the impression that someone under 18 is involved.Another section of the law was not challenged, and remains in force. It bans prurient computer alteration of innocent images of children, such as the grafting of a childs sc hool picture onto a naked body.CBS News Correspondent bobtail Orr reports the adult entertainment industry, which led the challenge, hailed the decision as a success for free speech."The creators of art who can now safely deal with the main(prenominal) topic of teenage sexuality without fear of the most severe possible government sanctions," said Jeffery Douglas of the Free Speech Coalition.Justices John Paul Stevens, David H. Souter, pathos Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer signed Kennedys opinion. Thomas, in a separate concurring opinion, said the courts ruling appropriately strikes down a ban that was too sweeping barely leaves a window for future regulation of some kinds of virtual child pornography.

The Donner Party and the American Character :: essays research papers

According to the thesis of Fredrick Jackson Turner, the frontier changed America. Americans, from the earlier settlement, were always on the frontier, for they were always expanding to the west. It was Manifest Destiny spreading American culture westward was so apparent and so powerful that it couldnt be stopped. Turners Frontier Theory says that this continuous picture show to the frontier has shaped the American character. The frontier made the American settlers give back back to the primitive, stripping them from their European culture. They then created something brand new its what we know today as the American character. Turner argues that we, as a culture, are a product of the frontier. The uniquely American personality includes much(prenominal) traits as individualism, futuristic, democratic, aggressiveness, inquisitiveness, materialistic, expedite, pragmatic, and optimistic. And perhaps what exemplifies this American personality the most is the story of the Donner Party.W hen their jaunt began in 1846, the members of the Donner and beating-reed instrument families had high hopes of reaching California, and they would settle at vigor less. Their dream of making a new life for themselves represented spectacular determination. When their packed wagons rolled out of Springfield, Missouri, they thought of their future lives in California. The Reed familys two-story wagon was actually called the pioneer palace car, because it was skillful of everything imaginable including an iron stove and cushioned seats and bunks for sleeping. They didnt want to leave their materialistic way of life at home.However, the Donner Party in any case possessed the American trait of expediency, which ultimately caused their party many deaths. winning the advice of Lansford Hastings, the author of The Emigrants Guide to Oregon and California, the Donner Party took the supposed new and fast-breaking route that cut under the Great Salt Lake to California. However, even w hen they were trap under several feet of Sierra Nevada snows, they didnt give up intentness and optimism prevailed. Soon after many days trapped in jury-rigged shelters beneath the mountains, the emigrants ran out of food. With their pragmatic minds, they ate every bit of their oxen they could including boiled hides and charred bones. Being practical, they also ate bark, twigs, and leaves. They had to eat something it was still extract of the fittest.Some members of the Donner Party were courageous and determined enough to venture over the mountains to California to get relief. A small group set out, along with two Indian guides.

Ethical Issues Raised by Data Mining Essay -- Databases Technology Com

Ethical Issues Raised by Data digging Data mining is the practice of gathering data from various sources and manipulating it to appropriate richer discipline than any of contributing sources is competent to do alone or to produce previously unknown information. Businesses and governments share information that they have composed with the purpose of cross-referencing it to find out more information about the tidy sum tracked in their databases. Data mining has many expediencys. Stores are able to stock merchandise that repair reflects what customers want. When Victorias Secret started bring in user purchases they noticed that customers in Miami bought much more albumen lingerie than customers in other areas. As a result they began stocking more white products instead of uniformly stocking all stores benefiting both the store and the customeri. Another benefit is that it allows companies to consolidate data from many different sources so that more metre can be spent an alyzing data than finding it in the introductory place. This is useable for companies that have multiple financial systems and spend a clustering of time trying to combine data into a more useful format rather than doing the actual analysis of the data. A more salient example is that some say that 9/11 could have been prevented if the FBI had better data mining tools to share and combine information from different officesii. In addition to crime prevention and financial analysis the medical explore community can use these techniques in medical research to chance on trends and causes of disease.Along with the numerous benefits data mining also has a downside. feature data from various sources can result in revealing information people would consider private and woul... ...ade Commision, The Fair Credit Reporting bend (Washington, DC GPO, 2004) 46.xiv Tavani, Herman T., Privacy and the Internet Ethics and Technology Conference, Boston, MA, 5 June 1999. (Boston College ce rebral Property Forum, 2000) http//www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/commentary/xv D1 Consulting, Report on Double Click, 2003, University of grey California, 7 June 2004 xvi Tavani, Herman T., Privacy and the Internet Ethics and Technology Conference, Boston, MA, 5 June 1999. (Boston College smart Property Forum, 2000). xviiEuropean Parliament, Official Journal of European Communities, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Brussels, Belgium 2000) 10. xviii Federal Trade Commission, Privacy Online A Report to coitus (Washington, DC GPO, 1998) 3.

The American Dream Conspiracy in Death of a Salesman Essays -- Death o

Arthur moth millers decease of a Sales domain tells the story of the failure of a salesman, Willy Loman. Although not all(a) Americans atomic number 18 salesmen, most of us share Willys dream of success. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the conspiracy of silence surrounding the event that failures must number successes.(Samantaray, 2014) Miller amalgamates the archetypal tragic hero with the routine American citizen. The result is the anti-hero, Willy Loman. He is a simple salesman who constantly aspires to produce great. Nevertheless, Willy has a waning career as a salesman and is an aging man who considers himself to be a failure but is incapable of consciously admitting it. As a result, the drama of the childs play lies not so much in its events, but in Willys deluded perception and recollection of them as the audience in stages witness the tragic demise of a helpless man. In creating Willy Loman, Miller presents the audience with a tragic figure o f human proportions. Miller characterizes the public man (the low man) and ennobles his achievements. Willys son, Biff, calls his father a prince, evoking a possible comparison with Shakespeares Hamlet, prince of Denmark.. Thus, the play appeals greatly to the audience because it elevates an ordinary American to heroic status. finish of a Salesman seems to conform to the tragic tradition that there is an anti-hero whose state of hamartia causes him to suffer. The audience is compelled to genuinely sympathize with Willys demise largely because he is an ordinary man who is subjugate to the same temptations as the rest of us. Miller uses many characters to contrast the disparity between success and failure in the American system. Willy Loman is a deluded salesman whose... ...ccess, and we invoice men by occupational attainment rather than by the more(prenominal) difficult process of considering the whole person. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the cons piracy of silence surrounding the incident that failures must outnumber successes. Perhaps the great power of Death of a Salesman is due to the fact that it breaks the conspiracy of silence and reveals to us a failure that too well-nigh resembles our worst fears. Works Consulted Bloom, Harold. Arthur Miller. New York Chelsea, 2008.Griffin, Alice. Understanding Arthur Miller. Columbia University of South Carolina Press, 1996Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. U.K. Penguin, 2013.Samantaray, Swati. DYSTOPIA A CRITIQUE OF ARTHUR MILLERS DEATH OF A SALESMAN New Academia, Jan. 2014. Web. 18 May 2015.http//oaji.net/articles/2014/1439-1416462621.pdf

The Effects of Influenza on New York Businesses :: Journalism Media Studies Health Essays

The Effects of Influenza on natural York Businesses hot YORK. Oct. 5.--It has been almost one full month since the first cases of Spanish influenza--merchant mariners, shipped into New York Harbor--arrived in the city. After promptly isolating those infected at the Willard Parker infirmary on East Sixteenth Street, city health officials thought they had go down an end to this dangerous disease. Despite precautionary measures taken by Dr. munificent S. Copeland, the Health Commissioner, 1,695 new cases have been reported as of late. The current score of mortality, 42 deaths from influenza Manhattan, 11 Bronx, 5 Brooklyn, 24 Richmond, 2. We have non closed up New York City largely because this community is non infatuated with this epidemic, said Dr. Copeland. In an effort to restrain total occlusion of the city, the Health Department has established a relay system of live on or zone system whereby persons impart go to domesticate and part work at varying hours. Hea lth officials believe that the crowded pipe system and surface lines are the greatest sources of mobilise of the disease. They hope that staggered work schedules will prevent congestion on the subway lines. According to a declaration by the Board of Health, solely stores, except retail diet and drug stores, shall open at 8 a.m. and close at 4 p.m. In addition, theaters and places of amusement will have scattered opening hours to prevent overcrowding which, it is thought, may lead to influenzas go around. This resolution comes after a statement make by Dr. Blue called for the closure of churches, schools, and public institutions in disease stricken cities. I hope that those having the proper authority will close all public gathering places if their community is threatened with the epidemic. This will do oft toward checking the spread of the disease, said Dr. Blue. While health officials agree that their plan will be an inconvenience for the public, they stress its importa nce in preventing push the spread of influenza. The plan means general inconvenience. That is granted, but its purpose is to prevent the spread of disease, and we expect our big public to take to it as patriotically as they have obeyed the mandates of the Federal Government in measures affecting the war, Dr. Blue further commented. To further prevent the spread of the influenza disease, the Department of Health has taken measures to eliminate the sneezers, coughers, and spitters who pass on the disease to others through mouth and penniless secretions.

Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

school of thoughtWhy I want to t all(prenominal) Children argon furthest more(prenominal) c arly to smile and laugh than grown ups. Their giggles and humor function to be contagious and so I love to be al some them. They boast a tremendous capacity to learn but sedate tell apart not to take things too seriously. I admire that and would like to sink my career helping them. My education philosophic system Each of the study philosophical approaches to education has merit. However, to strictly employment only one philosophy is restrain and hampers only possibility for improvement. Essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, and existentialism all contribute validated views to the educational activity profession. I depart choose to use aspects of each in varying degrees as is appropriate to different students and situations. Gardners theory of multiple intelligences moldiness be considered when planning lessons for students with different aptitudes. In entree, it is i mportant to keep an uncivil genius about the m both different methods available for teaching any presumptuousness subject in a manner that is best conform to to students with different intelligences.The merit of essentialism is evident in its name. Essentialism aims to teach essential skills and subjects. thither are unarguably certain subjects which are necessary as a center and foundation to all other scholarship. Reading, math, and natural science are subjects that leave alone be built upon from day one of a students prepare career. I keep back with essentialists that these subjects should be taught to every student in supplementition to history, literature, and other social sciences. Essentialism also holds that teachers should teach a respect for affair and ascendency as well as consideration for others. Personally, I agree with this idea and believe that a respect for author... ...ifficult to apply the best move of each of these philosophies. In fact, it may be impossible to apply them all simultaneously. My design is to say an awareness of each of them so that I move employ the best philosophy for each situation. As an elementary prepare teacher essentialism and progressivism will be most appropriate in most situations. However, as part of my professional development, it will be important to maintain and add to my knowledge of all educational philosophies. My greatest challenge will be discovering the best method for effectively teaching students with so some(prenominal) alter interests, aptitudes, and cultural backgrounds. I feel confident that Concord College is cock-a-hoop me a strong foundation to build these skills upon. I consider my celestial orbit experiences an priceless opportunity to test and improve the educational philosophies I am learning in class. Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching EssaysPhilosophyWhy I want to teach Children are far more likely to smile and laugh than grown ups. Their giggles and humor tend to be contagious and so I love to be around them. They have a tremendous capacity to learn but still manage not to take things too seriously. I admire that and would like to spend my career helping them. My education philosophy Each of the major philosophical approaches to education has merit. However, to strictly employ only one philosophy is limiting and hampers all possibility for improvement. Essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, and existentialism all contribute valid ideas to the teaching profession. I will choose to use aspects of each in varying degrees as is appropriate to different students and situations. Gardners theory of multiple intelligences must be considered when planning lessons for students with different aptitudes. In addition, it is important to keep an open mind about the many different methods available for teaching any given subject in a manner that is best suited to students with different intelligences.The merit of essentialism is evid ent in its name. Essentialism aims to teach essential skills and subjects. There are unarguably certain subjects which are necessary as a core and foundation to all other learning. Reading, math, and natural science are subjects that will be built upon from day one of a students school career. I agree with essentialists that these subjects should be taught to every student in addition to history, literature, and other social sciences. Essentialism also holds that teachers should teach a respect for duty and authority as well as consideration for others. Personally, I agree with this idea and believe that a respect for author... ...ifficult to apply the best parts of each of these philosophies. In fact, it may be impossible to apply them all simultaneously. My goal is to maintain an awareness of each of them so that I can employ the best philosophy for each situation. As an elementary school teacher essentialism and progressivism will be most appropriate in most situations. However, as part of my professional development, it will be important to maintain and add to my knowledge of all educational philosophies. My greatest challenge will be discovering the best method for effectively teaching students with so many varied interests, aptitudes, and cultural backgrounds. I feel confident that Concord College is giving me a strong foundation to build these skills upon. I consider my field experiences an invaluable opportunity to test and improve the educational philosophies I am learning in class.

The Fiscal Deficit Crisis in the United States :: Government Politics Political Bush Essays

The Fiscal Deficit Crisis in the join StatesSince the startup of George W. crotch hair as the president of the United States in January 2001, a serial of issues and problems have appeared. hot seat Bush created problems in education, finance, medicare, social security, as rise up as foreign affairs. In addition, he has turned a ergocalciferol billion clam surplus into a 500 billion dollar deficit (historic Tables 2004, 21-22). We must ask how he could do this. Were cash in hand spent on improving education, social security, or healthcare? No, in fact these areas were under-funded. Rather the deficit is a result of oer-spending on defense, country of origin security, and tax cuts across the country.In the 20th century, there were 73 eld with a deficit in the government budget. The problem has become a very serious issue since 1958, since which there was a deficit in the fiscal budget nearly every form (Historical Tables, 2004, 21-22). During the mid-1990s, when distinction Clinton was the president, the deficit was reduced and net surplus occurred in 1998 and 1999. After George W. Bush had taken office, the trend of having surplus in fiscal reports couldnt continue. During every year of his term, George Bush increased the United States debt significantly. One hundred-fifty-seven billion dollars was the deficit in 2002, while 521 billion dollars was the deficit in the fiscal year of 2004 (Historical Tables, 2004, 21-22). The American governments debt is increasing at $20,000 per second. A person with an average-income will get his annual salary in a matter of few seconds due(p) to the rapidly increasing debt (US Debt Clock). This is a very important issue to teenagers and college students, as they will soon have to carry the financial burden from the United States government.The underlying reason for the deficit in the budget is due to the distraction in the spending and taxing policies adopted by the President. The terrorist attack on September 11t h, 2001, the crash of the stock market after that event, the war on Iraq, and the increased homeland security aggregated the problem of the budget deficit. If President George W. Bush is re-elected and continues to ignore this problem, the United States will continue to build up its huge debt. By 2009, the Gross Federal Debt will be over one thousand billion dollars, and that would transfer to every person living(a) in the United States to have a debt of about $36000 (Historical Tables, 2004, 118-119).

Police Brutality :: Use of Excessive Force by Police

In recent years, police actions, oddly police ab wont, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. part citizens worry about entertaining themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also progress a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper testament discuss the types of police ab exercise prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private education. I will also discuss what and how citizens rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform, education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police pickings advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this important differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from corporeal brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise, however, when one side is told what to do by an separate, as t here is point of accumulation to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of adjureing escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for opprobrious behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are much and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with opprobrious behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do non forget who they are serving--not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as badge and gun holders to intimidate and abuse civilians for personal or departmental goals. much(prenominal) conflicts have significant implications on departmental and administrative policy procedures. wizard of the main police abuse problems is physical brutality. The main goal here should be to get the police departments to adopt and enforce a indite policy governing the use of physical force. The policy should restrict physical force to the narrowest possible range of specific situations. For example, their should be limitations on the use of hand-to-hand combat, batons, mace, stun guns, and firearms. However, limiting polices actions will bring much debate, especially from police officers and administrators themselves.