The Public Accounting Firm Accounting Essay

The Public chronicle Firm Accounting EssayAs an external auditor is requisite to be indep finisent of the company when make out auditing turn over. If an auditor being to pr mouldise inwrought audit and management consulting operate for the same company which they supplyd auditing services, on that point will sacrifice or so issues arise. The issues included whether the auditor potentiometer be independent in mind and in appearance when providing such services.In US, there is prohibited the public invoice system firm to provide non-audit services to an audit invitee.The arguments for the auditor should be allowed to perform these services for the same client is the auditor can work more efficiency by go twain external and internal auditing services. They can reduce the time of work by eliminating overlapping work. Auditors will discover inefficiencies and separate weaknesses while execute auditing service. When they discover such weaknesses, they can use the know ledge and expertise to provide the consulting services to management to im erect such weaknesses. Besides that, by providing other services to same client, the company can save the time and cash that would spend to obtain these services from a nonher firm.The arguments for auditors should not be allowed to perform non-audit services for their audit client is they may not act on an individual basis in performing the external auditing services. The incentives of performing consulting and internal audit services will affect the judgment of the external audit. As we know internal audit services atomic number 18 best performed by the people who bring in the culture and the operation of the company. Internal auditors argon an important part of the incarnate governance and should not be replaced by external auditor act as an internal auditor. A company will get more benefits from some(prenominal) different viewpoints. Therefore, company should obtain different entities to act as cons ultant and internal auditor to get multiple viewpoints.Explain how rules-based accounting standards differ from principles-based standards. How might fundamentally changing accounting standards from bright-line rules to principle-based standards help stay another Enron-like fiasco in the future? Some argue that the social movement toward adoption of international accounting standards represents a move toward more principles-based standards. ar there dangers in removing bright-line rules? What difficulties might be associated with such a revision?Rules-based accounting standard are specific and detailed rules that must be followed when preparing companys financial statements. Principles-based standard is the general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) which used as a conceptual basis for accountants. It is general guidelines that describe the way classes of proceedings should be reflected in general term.Principles-based may prevent another Enron issues by requiring accounta nts to make their professional judgments on the spirit of the virtue instead of reasonable meeting technical compliance with the rules. In this case, for example, Enrons SPE, the manager may have succeeded in pressuring auditors to accept the deceptive financial reporting by pointing to the bright-line standard. However, the principles-based standard would pick out auditors to evaluate the situation of the company as a whole in order to determine whether the company did not have significant photo in relation to the unconsolidated SPE.The dangers in removing the bright-line rule is in some situation will involve human judgment and discretion. Auditors may curve aggressive financial decisions. They will defend themselves when questioned by asseverate that the accounting standard did not prohibit their action.Enron and Andersen suffered severe consequences because of their perceived lack of rightfulness and damaged reputations. In fact, some people believe the fall of Enron occur red because of a form of run on the aver. Some argue that Andersen experienced a similar run on the bank as many straighten out clients quickly dropped the firm in the wake of Enrons collapse. Is the run on the bank analogy valid for both firms? Why or why not?The run on the bank analogy is valid for both firms. two of the firms are exit of confidence and credibility of investors and clients. Enron can avoid the loser if its customers willing to continue to use its services. The debt and obligations of the company are bighearted just now it also had large profit. The customers were not willing to use its services when Enron loss its credibility. Besides that, Andersen also can survive if Enron issue had been isolated. Andersen was a large and multinational firm. If it just loss of one client, Enron, it would not go to the end of the firm. However, once the Enron issue occurred, the clients of Andersen were loss of confidence in the firms credibility. As the result, many clien ts of Andersen had fired the firm as an external auditor of their company.Coopers Lybrand was sued on a lower floor both federal statutory and state common law. The judge ruled that under Pennsylvania law the plaintiffs were not primary beneficiaries. Pennsylvania follows the legal case law inherent in the Ultramares Case. (a) In jurisdictions following the Ultramares doctrine, under what conditions can auditors be held liable under common law to third parties who are not primary beneficiaries? (b) How do jurisdictions that follow the legal precedent inherent in the Rusch Factors case differ from jurisdictions following Ultramares? consort to Ultramares cases, only the third parties who are primary beneficiaries can sue for ordinary negligence successfully. However, the third troupe who did not primary beneficiaries and did not have privity of contract also can successfully sue for gross negligence, recklessness and fraud. In this case, the creditors of Phar-Mor were not conside red as primary beneficiaries. Therefore the creditors of Phar-Mor were needed to prove there had recklessness or fraud. Besides that, U.S. federal securities laws had required that recklessness needed be prove by a preponderance of the evidence, the Pennsylvania state common law had required prove by a clear and persuasive standard.According to Rusch Factors case, it had been broadened the Ultramares doctrine by allowed recovery by third party who are considered as foreseen drug users. A foreseen user is the limited class of users who the auditors were aware the user has the intention to rely on the financial statements. For example, the bank who lend bring to company will be a foreseen user.Coopers was also sued under the Securities sub Act of 1934. The burden of proof is not the same under the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. cite the important differences and discuss the primary objective behind the differences in the laws (1933 and 1934) as they relate to auditor liability? For the case under the Securities Acts of 1933, the plaintiff have to prove that the audited financial statements were compriseed material misstatement which caused the plaintiff suffered a loss. If the auditor faces an funny burden of proof, auditor must demonstrate as a defense. The defenses are about the auditor had been conducted an adequate audit and the loss of plaintiff was caused by another reasons which other than the misleading financial statements.Under Securities Acts of 1934, the plaintiff must prove the reliance on financial statements where the financial statement consist material misstatement which caused in a loss.The Securities Acts 1933 had exposes the auditor to more litigation luck than the Securities Acts 1934. This change is to protect the buyers of new securities.In this case, even though incomplete Phar-Mors management, the plaintiffs attorneys, nor anyone else who associated with the case ever alleged the auditors knowingly participated in the fraud, a gore had found that Cooper liable under fraud claim. The important bring out of this fraud charge is the plaintiffs had been alleged that Cooper made representations which recklessly without regard to whether they were true or false. This had enabled plaintiffs to sue the auditors in term of fraud.