Interest groups and political parties Essay

Although they both serve as linkage institutions, interest groups and political parties have different goals in politics. The fundamental goal of interest groups is to influence legislative decisions and public policy by attempting to focus people’s attention on these topics or educate them on a certain issue or a small group of issues. They do this mostly by lobbying congressional committees at the local, state, and national levels, usually during campaign season. Grassroots lobbying and political action committees play a big role in lobbying efforts. Congress relies on funding and support from interest groups, and in return, the legislation focuses on the issues in which supporting interest groups specialize. Unlike interest groups, the main goal of political parties is getting their representatives elected as president or to other government positions. In order for political parties to be successful, they must hear out interest groups to determine which issues people are truly concerned about; parties are required to focus on a wide range of issues. Political parties also rely on media and advertising to get support and campaign funds. This is taken care of mostly by PACs within the party. Political parties tend to serve the interests of the politicians themselves rather than the constituency, but they are often successfully swayed when interest groups lobby Congress, Interest groups play a big part in the success of politicians and political parties in general. When a politician agrees to bring up a certain issue in Congress or any other position if he or she is elected, an interest group concerned with that issue will support his or her campaign with financial contributions. More money makes for stronger campaigns, so parties are able to have a big enough influence so that they are able to get their politicians elected. Interest groups will also publically endorse candidates who they feel would meet the needs of the group and raise awareness for issues that certain candidates want to focus on, if elected. While endorsing the viewpoints of politicians during their campaigns helps political parties to get their representative into office, it also benefits the interest groups themselves. When an interest group raises awareness on a certain issue to support a candidate, it is also further informing the constituency. Although interest groups do notparticipate in elections, getting their point across while advocating for a candidate usually results in more supporters. The public’s reaction to certain issues communicated by interest groups also helps to determine which topics of concern are on the public agenda. This allows interest groups to alter their lobbying techniques and focus on different congressional committees. Thus, there is a distinct relationship between interest groups and political parties that allows for mutual benefit within the government.

Twilight Book Report

Twilight is a series of four vampire-themed fantasy romance novels written by American author Stephenie Meyerv and the first novel is called Twilight with the same article as the series. It is about a love story of a girl and a vampire. Bella Swan moves to the cloudy town of Forks to live with her father, Charlie. For the first day of school, she finds herself on friendly terms with a few of the kids. She has lunch together with her new friends and meets Edward Cullen for the first time.She is transfixed by the beautiful Edward Cullen and gets to know more about him after she is saved with Edward’s supernatural speed and strength from an accident. They sonly fall in love with each other. With the protection of the Cullen family, she escapes from James, who tries to kill her. Unfortunately, she is seriously wounded, but Edward rescues her. Twilight is an original story which interested me a lot because it tells about a love story between two ‘people’ from a human w orld and a vampire world whose relationship is a typical and special one.The story line goes in a clear way and it lures me a lot to know about how the next step goes to. My favourite part of the book is the chapter ‘hide and seek’ which its article has already got my attention from my first sight. The chapter talks about how James tries to trick Bella to the dance studio that he has got her mother and attacks her. The description makes an atmosphere with suspense and mystery to excite readers and lead them to guess the plot. I would like to meet Edward the most. As a vampire, I believe he has a tough life to live in a human’s world and follow others’ living habit.I am so impressed with the power and the special gifts he received that he can read others’ mind. I would like to ask him questions about vampire’s history and what kinds of innate technique do other vampires get cause I am very interested it them. Lastly, I would ask if he ever thi nk that being a human is better than transforming into vampire. For common people, we feel cool to be a vampire but we can never know how it really feels for a true vampire to go through the experience. That’s what I am curious about the most about Edward.

Victoria Secret

VICTORIA SECRET MARKEITNG STRATEGY MARKET OBJECTIVES Focus on Product Strategy In order to penetrate into the Asian market, Victoria’s Secret should focus on product strategy, as the pressure for customization is high in order to offer points of difference to Asian consumers. This can be carefully managed by establishing an R&D team in Singapore to focus on the Asian market.By setting up a human engineering research centre which carries out detailed research into body shapes and sizes and other related areas such as human sensibilities and physiology, centering its research towards Asians, Victoria’s Secret could successfully tailor its products to suit the local market. Product testing and performance evaluation With new innovations, Victoria’s Secret can subsequently test its new products via its official website or a new website catered to the Asian market. This allows the company to track and analyze sales, which in turns helps to improve research.In addition , it is important to use the existing physical stores at Resorts World Sentosa and Changi Airport to showcase new products catered specially to the local market. Performance audit and brand tracking can be done to identify areas of improvement as well as testing the feasibility of the strategies used. Evaluating the performance would help Victoria’s Secret to decide if the company should continue with the geographic expansion strategy and also identify areas that may enhance its expansion efforts. Establish strong brand presence in the regionFull penetration into the Asian market can be done through setting up of physical stores in prime shopping district in the region, namely, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Singapore and Shanghai. Victoria’s Secret can also adopt a transnational strategy which strives to optimize the trade-offs associated with efficiency, local adaptation and learning. Local responsiveness can be maintained through periodic brand audits to ensure success in the geographic expansion strategy. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ————————————————- Target Segment: Male (Sample Size: 57) Brand AwarenessA) Brand Recall Victoria’s Secret and Triumph received the highest brand recall rate when respondents were asked to list the brand(s) of lingerie they knew. This is followed by Wacoal and La Senza. B) Brand Recognition When asked if there were aware of these brands, Victoria’s Secret and Triumph enjoy high brand recognition with 96% and 98% followed by Wacoal (68%) and La Senza(65%). C) Effectiveness of Existing Communication Channels The male respondents indicate that they know the brand through its fashion show (67%), their female (58%) and male friends (36%) and features on magazine (47%).Respondents also quoted having seen its online catalogs (24%) and physical stores (27%). However, only 24% of the respondents have seen its fa shion shows. 11% has visited the brand’s website while only 2% indicated that they own its catalogs. Brand Reponses When asked about their previous purchases, only 14% of the male respondents have purchase lingerie for their partners before. Out of these purchases, 75% were brought on impulse while 38% were for birthdays and surprise gifts. In assessing their intention to buy for their partners in the future, 68% indicated that they would buy lingerie for their partners in the future.They also indicated that they would most likely to buy for their partners as a birthday (31 respondents out of 39), anniversary (30 respondents out of 39) and surprise gifts (35 respondents out of 39). To make these purchases, 77% would head down to the stores, 54% would make their purchases online while 46% would get help from their female friends to make the purchases. Brand Resonance In assessing their loyalty to a brand, 29 out of 39 respondents indicated that they will not stick to one brand . To choose a brand, 73% would look at the design and 68% would take into account the accessibility of the stores.In addition, 51% would also look at the price of the lingerie. This indicate low brand resonance among the male respondents. Target Segment: Females (Sample Size: 74) Brand Awareness A) Brand Recall When respondents were asked to list the brand(s) of lingerie they knew, Triumph received the highest brand recall rate. This is followed by Victoria’s Secret, Wacoal, Pierre Cardin, La Senza and Calvin Klein. B) Brand Recognition When asked if there were aware of these brands, Triumph enjoys the highest brand recognition of 100%, followed by La Senza and Victoria’s Secret with 95% each.C)  Effectiveness of Existing Communication Channels 62% of the female respondents are aware of Victoria’s Secret outlet in Singapore. However, most of them know it through word-of-mouth (69%) and only 33% know it through advertisement and 7% through its campaign. Brand R eponses A)  Brand Price Perception 41% of the respondents think that a fair price for a piece of Victoria’s Secret lingerie should be within $20-$50, while 45% of them said it should be within $51-$90. B)  Brand Quality Perception The respondents believe that Victoria’s Secret provides good quality and a variety of lingerie, with a mean of 3. 4 and 3. 57 out of 5 respectively. C)  Purchase Intention 81% of the respondents do not own Victoria’s Secret lingerie with 54% of them explaining that it is too expensive and 36% indicated that they are not sure where to buy them from. However, 82% of the respondents indicated that they would consider purchasing Victoria’s Secret lingerie in the future and 63% said they would buy it for special occasion. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS The female respondents rated sexiness and confidence as the 2 most favourable associations.However, the superior and romantic image of the brand is less favourable but the result has low consistency among respondents, as shown by their high standard deviation (>0. 75). This shows that Victoria’s Secret has room for improvement in order to emerge as a favourable brand among others. Victoria’s Secret has a relatively high level of uniqueness. The association with â€Å"sexiness† scores the highest, with a mean of 4. 07, followed by â€Å"stylishness† and â€Å"confidence†. Hence, Victoria’s Secret can advertise the feeling of sexiness, confidence and stylishness as everyday essentials to reach out to a larger target market and boost its sales.Conclusion According to the findings from the survey targeted at female, the association with sexiness scored high on all three elements. This indicates that Victoria’s Secret should continue to market towards that direction. Secondly, the association with superiority and exclusiveness scored generally low on all three elements. Victoria’s Secret has to improve on these asso ciations, either through various marketing efforts or by tapping onto the stronger attributes, as they are associations that the brand aims to represent as well.

Hazard & Vulnerability Analysis and Mitigation & Prevention Essay

Hazard & Vulnerability Analysis and Mitigation & Prevention - Essay Example On account of their interconnectedness, it can be stated that EMP is a holistic approach which links a disaster with development. As these different aspects of emergency management plan are robustly interlaced, mitigation as an isolated strategy, to deal with an emergency, is not comprehensible. It refers to plan strategies and programs to eliminate or reduce the effects of a disaster, and consequently to prevent the loss of property, personal injury or death. Hence, any effort to minimize the impact of a disaster can be termed as mitigation. Mitigation phase necessarily involves hazard identification and vulnerability analysis. Alternatively, it can be stated that without hazard identification and vulnerability analysis, it is not possible to mitigate an impending disaster. Moreover, mitigation includes a response with a plan of action for disaster preparedness, and the consequent prevention and risk reduction. Hazard identification requires preparation of a database of historical and archival information, analysis of the data, computer based simulations, preparation of a hazard map, and listing of all habitations and vital installations within a specific radius of the epicenter (Government of India 16). Some of the hazards include floods, storm, cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, volcanoes, fire, etc.

Outline the polices that enable older people to remain at home as much Essay

Outline the polices that enable older people to remain at home as much is posible - Essay Example The objective of dignity to elders can be achieved only if the policies emphasise the concept of enabling older people to remain in a homely environment as much as possible, to usher in the safety and general welfare of senior citizens. The UK has been a pioneer in drafting many such policies that seek better avenues to channelize appropriate alternatives and resources for the elderly people, as discussed below. Though the concept of taking care of the elderly has existed even in the earlier civilizations, in the form of shelter for the old and community care centres, the idea of specific policies and laws to govern them began to manifest their presence from the beginning of the 19th century. The succeeding years after Second World War (WWII) saw the advent of demographic changes with a sharp rise in life expectancy and fall of fertility rates, with an unprecedented increase in the population of older people. The modern welfare state carried forward the policies and laws for the old and aged and institutionalized them. The prevailing â€Å"Poor Law† (Public Assistance following Local Government Act, 1929) (Thane 2009) where power was designated to public assistance committees of local council has given way in the 70s, 80s and subsequent years to the present policies, the focus shifting to enabling elderly peope to remain and be cared for at their homes. The spotlight being on the need for older people to stay at home for as long as possible (Department of Health, 1989), the White Paper on Community Care (1989) discussed about the society deliberating to see the roles of State, community, families and individuals in the rehabilitation and development of â€Å"independence, self fulfilment and participation (of elder) with assurance of care and dignity of who are most frail and vulnerable† (Leeson 2003). The resultant NHS and Community Care act-1990 has encouraged the development of community care provisions and implementation where present policies for older and disabled people should promote healthy independence, more carers, modernize and integrate service, provision of individual needs centred services, a feeling of belonging in the community, and a sense of money value. â€Å"Such policies rely high on availability of unpaid, informal typical family care from inside the community† (Harper and Leeson, 2002) and â€Å"current service models of distribution of specific factors in existing family care† (Leeson, 2004). Since the 90s, these policies and laws have undergone a sea change, with revisions and modifications of existing policies and besides implementing to new measures seeking to help community care, like â€Å"Disability Living Allowance from 1992’; the Carers (Recognition and Services) Act, 1995; the Mental Health (Patients in the Community) Act, 1995; the Disability Discrimination Act, 1995; the Community Care (Direct Payments) Act, 1996† (House of Commons Health Committee: Social Care 2008-09) etc which have enabled the local authorities to make payments to disabled people to assist them in buying community services according to their needs. The

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Research paper - Essay Example Content sharing can also involve exchanging opinions and ideas among individuals from a particular community. The first reason the government is against the act of sharing ideas and contents through the internet is because of matters that pertain to national security. The internet can present an avenue in which to extremists can use to spread their extremist propaganda, which can be detrimental to national security. To avoid raising suspicion, extremists may pose as normal bloggers or social networkers, but subtly spread dangerous propaganda (Martin 72). The second reason that makes the government work towards taking control of information sharing in the internet is because of terrorists. Since tracking communication on various blogs and social networks is a hard task, at times, terrorist can use this weakness to coordinate with their counterparts in different regions around the world to commit terrorist attacks in an area. The government has to minimize this act through taking control of information sharing in the internet (Martin 73). The third reason that makes the government control sharing of information is to ensure good moral behaviors are observed. The internet can promote a behavior in which individuals sharing contents can go to the extent of sharing nude photos and videos. This immoral act has been on the increase because of advanced technology that has resulted in an easy way of taking photos and videos, which are later uploaded in the internet (Martin 73). In conclusion, the government aims to control sharing of ideas and contents in the internet in order to protect the public from extremists, terrorist and sharing of explicit contents. Extremist and terrorists pose threat to national security while sharing explicit contents promotes immoral and unethical

Black studies about slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black studies about slavery - Essay Example This paper gives a brief reaction to the video about Frederick Douglass, new things learnt from the video and the times he lived in, critically rating the video as a device for learning about Douglass and his times. Though the video paints a gloomy picture of what transpired from the pre-colonial Africa to the post-colonial Africa concerning slavery and slave trade, it is clear that some heroes such as Frederick Douglass spend a better part of their lifetime and great efforts in refining the American dream. One can deduce from the brief biography of Frederick Douglass that while the slave trade could not be prevented especially due to the large number of nations involved, it was possible to tame slavery more so that which consisted of torture and other inhumane acts. Frederick Douglass came out as a strong social reformer, who championed for the rights of the African Americans, his slavery status notwithstanding. This was especially so because despite being a diplomat, he was also a great orator and writer. This means that one had to be courageous enough to present a tough stance to the authorities and all the parties involves without giving it a second thought, at least according to the video. Perhaps another important point worth noting from the video is that while Frederick Douglass fought slavery through his antislavery writing and through the political front, it became apparent even to the whites that slavery was causing more polarization as opposed to driving the nation towards achieving the American dream. Although the video does not explicitly reveal how Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery, it is particularly clear that his strong stance for women’s rights gave him an edge in fighting slavery especially when more people from diverse backgrounds started believing in his ideology. Certainly, the nineteenth century was the most traumatic period for the African Americans especially those that were subjected to hard labour. From the video about

Consumer Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Behaviour - Assignment Example This paper seeks to analyze the purchase behavior of a particular consumer on their purchases of between the 27th of February and the 11th of March 2012. The report seeks to analyze the various factors that influenced the purchases of the particular consumer in terms of situational influences, consumer choice value perspective satisfaction perception learning and memory, motivational and feelings, personality and self concept. This can be generally be defines as the circumstances that surround the time, place and conditions that surround the purchase in the particular purchase of the product. In an analysis of the situational factors we Identify a couple of factors that affect the purchase process of the consumer that include temporal facts: this are thoughts and feelings that surround the particular product, pressure factors this are the factor that push a consumer to make a haste or a well calculated purchase, seasonality factors: this are factors that are caused due to the cyclabi lity of the supply of the product In subject. Citing an example of a situational influence in the dairy is the purchase and consumption of burger and fries. The purchase of such fast foods due to the time pressure on the consumer it pushed the individual into consumption of a fast food product. Another situational influence on the purchase process of the consumer is where the individual consumed a sandwich and tea. The consumer was driven into consumption of tea at lunch time due to the chilly weather that was on the day.

We the animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

We the animals - Essay Example r instance, he is not worried about the challenges his family is going through such as his father’s drinking problem and the conflict between his father and mother. The narrator is also a humorous character. This is evident in the sixth chapter after graduating into adulthood, but he still remembers the joys of brotherhood that make him wish to be young again. The brutal treatment and a true portrayal of many families as presented in the novel depict that the narrator is a real and considerate person with respect to the contemporary life experiences. The ending scenes in the last chapter create a nostalgic feeling in the audience’s mind. This is evident in the scene where the narrator speculates into the future tense telling the readers, â€Å"soon they’ll drop out, they’ll skunk around in basement apartments with grown men who keep pet snakes in glass aquariums† (Torres, 2011). A scene from the last chapter also distances the audience from the flow of the story line. The narrator says, â€Å"Look at us, see how I made them easy† (Torres, 2011). This scene presents a stylistic device that likens the writer’s story with his real life experiences. Additionally, a part of the novel also seems to be missing in this scene. This is the part between â€Å"Niagara† and â€Å"The Night I Am Made†, which describes the narrator’s sexual orientation and violence unfolding from his family. Comparable to his brothers at beginning of the story, the readers are voracious and are lef t in a melancholic mood of wanting to know more about the left part. I feel that Torres would have created reader’s anticipations to satisfy their reading appetite when he follows up this debut with a second appealing novel like We the Animals. This book touches real life experiences of many individuals as presented in different scenes. For instance, the hardships these boys went through are the extreme versions of what most of the readers remember about their childhood lifestyles. I was

Violence against Women and Girls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Violence against Women and Girls - Essay Example Although some international and regional instruments of law have put in place the necessary measures for the states to use in order to cub, eradicate and even punish violence against young girls and women by demanding that the states ought to take the necessary measures to combat the violence, there has however continued prevalence of these vice. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) indicates that the vice has grown to a global pandemic of alarming proportions which is yet to be addressed with all the appropriate political commitment as well as resources. According to UNIFEM (2010), approximately six out of every ten women in post conflict countries have experienced sexual or physical violence in their lifetime. A study by World Health Organization related to some twenty four thousand women in some ten countries indicates that prevalence of physical and sexual violence by a woman's partner ranged from 15 % in most urban areas of developed countries to a range of 30 - 60 % in most rural areas of post conflict states (UNIFEM, 2010). In most of these states, the violence against young girls and women have had some far reaching aftermath including so much harm to the families and communities affected. It has become a major source of disability or even death for girls and women of 16 up to 44 years of age. A World Bank investigation into some selected risk factors facing women and girls at the indicated age group showed that rape and domestic violence have emerged as more dangerous to the affected ladies than war, malaria, motor vehicle accidents and cancer. There has also been a close association between these kind of violence and HIV and AIFDS with a survey showing that there are some 1,366 women from South African region who have been beaten by the life partners and were more likely to be infected with HIV more than those who were not. Gender-related violence violates human rights as well as hampering of human productivity, reduction of human capital and undermining of economic growth to the affected lives. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report in 2003 indicated that the intimate partner violence costs in the USA alone have been found to exceed US$ 5.8 billion a year with US $ 4.1 billion being budgeted for direct medical as well as services related to health care (UNIFEM, 2010). Young girls at the tender age have unfortunately happened to be majority victims of sexual assault. Other group that has become subject to unwarranted sexual coercion is women who are in position of abject dependence on male power. Rape cases have also been high in post-conflict countries. This has been very much documented in the last few years in countries affected by civil conflicts. Rape in such cases has been employed systematically as a torture instrument or even domination of ethnic groups (Gender Equality, 2009). Although there has been indication of growth of the vice, some efforts by the post conflict nations in addressing the vice need to be put in place in preventing this situation. Some 89 post conflict countries in 2006 have installed some legislation measures targeting prevention of the domestic violence and plans of action. In most of these states, marital rape has become prosecutable

WHAT ARE SOME REASONS YOU MIGHT CONSIDER DATA OR INFORMATION TO LACK Essay

WHAT ARE SOME REASONS YOU MIGHT CONSIDER DATA OR INFORMATION TO LACK VALIDITY, CREDIBILITY, OR RELIABILITY EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER BY USING EXAMPLES - Essay Example Validity of data focuses on the whole tentative concept and establishes whether the outcome obtained congregate all the necessities of the scientific research method. If the data fails to meet these requirements, then it is said to unreliable (Hurtado et al 21). The following are the reasons why data may be lack credibility, reliability and validity. The principle of credibility tests the believability of data. Credibility of data may be affected by vagueness. Lack of transparency in research may create doubt this may make it difficult to evaluate data. Failure to consider quality control may also affect the credibility of data. Misspelled words may also with the meaning of the information. Carelessness and ignorance by the researcher may give rise to such errors. When accuracy tests are carried out, the data may be termed as vague and be disqualified. Failure to give the author’s credentials such as biographic information, contact information, executive authorship, author’s repute and the site may affect the credibility of data. Timeliness is a key since information is fluid in nature. Information changes as time change especially in the fields of technology, business and medicine. Narrowness of data may also contribute to its lack of credibility. If the source fails to reveal the need of wholeness and exactness, it is termed as unbelievable. Another reason is lack suitability of the anticipated audience and purpose ((Hurtado et al 22). The intension and the rationale of research should be apposite to the requirement so that you can put them into an account. The requirement of testability is that there is duplication of statistically momentous domino effect. Testability may fail if the experimental conditions are changed. If the tools of research are changed, the outcomes will automatically change. Failure to keep accurate time may produce unreliable data. If the researcher fails to obtain measurements several times, the chances of

The Maintenance of Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

The Maintenance of Stereotypes Essay Although the nature of stereotypes are not essentially negative it has been found that stereotypes of out-group members are more likely to be negative than those of in-group members (Castelli et al. 2005; Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman Tyler, 1990). Despite this fact, engaging in stereotyping still occurs. In order to adequately understand why we continue to use stereotypes, when we know of the negativity that can be attached to them, several areas need to be considered. Firstly, in the context of this essay stereotypes need to be defined. Lippman (1922) can be credited for having coined the term as being a set of socially shared representations and beliefs about the characteristics, features and behaviours of members of a group (Lyons Kashima, 2001). The Social Identity Theory also seeks to define stereotypes (Brown, 2000). Secondly, there are various mechanisms which occur that support the ongoing use and maintenance of stereotypes. In relation to this is priming, which has been found to be an active influence (Rudman Borgida, 1995; Lepore Brown, 1997; Blair Banaji, 1996). More recent research illustrates that stereotyping emerges as a way of simplifying the demands on an individual, a type of cognitive shortcut (Macrae et al. , 1994; Clark Kashima, 2007). Furthermore, stereotypes can be seen as a function of social connectivity and are thus maintained through communication (Lyons Kashima, 2006; Lyons and Kashima, 2003; Karasawa, Asai Tanabe, 2007). This essay will attempt to look at the most recent research in the past two decades and investigate the various methods that have been found to support the preservation of stereotypes. One of the key points with Social Identity Theory is that in the very act of categorisation, regardless of group contact, in-group preference is produced (Brown, 2000). This then defines a differentiation from out-group members (2000). This group differentiation can lead to the formation of stereotypes. Individuals seek also to perceive themselves in as optimistic light as possible, in an attempt to establish a positive distinctiveness between the self and other in-group members and between the in-group in comparison with the out-group. This is known as the self-esteem hypothesis (2000). From understanding how stereotypes are formed through the social identity theory, we can see how they are maintained. As found by Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler (1990), priming plays an intricate role in influencing the opinions and judgments of individuals on out-group members. A study conducted by Rudman Borgida (1995) primed male subjects to sexist female stereotypes through a television commercial in which women were portrayed as sexual objects. It was found that the primed males were more likely to engender women in a sexual fashion, paying more attention to her appearance than to what she was saying. They also responded faster to sexist words pertaining to women (babe and bimbo) than to non-sexist (mother and nurture). In this way, language plays a role in unconsciously priming people to stereotypes. It helps create an in-group versus out-group bias (1990). Impressions of people are also moulded by the names and labels which are applied to them (1990). As found by Perdue et al. (1990) ‘we’, ’us’, ‘ours’ are collective pro-nouns and are thus powerful priming influences in social cognition and perception, subtly characterising evaluative responses towards others and upholding the maintenance of stereotypes. However, in a study carried out by Blair and Banaji (1996) it was found that, although priming in stereotypes is automatically activated, an individual can control and even eliminate the automatic response, such as in gender stereotyping. In fact, it is also the individual’s intentions and cognitive resources that determine the extent to which an individual avoids the influence of such automatic processes. For example, in their study (1996) participants were asked to judge whether a name was male or female, when primed with a gender paired word, such as caring, sensitive, weak (for females) strong, arrogant or decisive (for males) or a neutral word like autumn, jelly, sleep. When sufficient cognitive resources were available and the participants intended to process counter-stereotypic information (the gender neutral words) there was a complete reversal of stereotype priming (1996). So although priming is a powerful method in maintaining stereotypes it does not fully account for the continuation of stereotyping in the face of its negativity. As reported by Bodenhausen (1990) instead of processing incoming or new information, stereotypes rely on previously stored knowledge and as a result information processing becomes easier. Thus the maintenance of stereotypes could be partially due to a type of cognitive laziness. Instead of flexing the grey matter muscle and using cognitive energy to process the new information, people effectively ‘rest on their laurels’, without motivation to change them they are reinforced to continue using stereotypes (Blair Banaji, 1996). However, as Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen (1994) established, stereotyping can also occur as a way to free up resources which can then be used in other tasks. Either way stereotypes are a type of judgmental heuristic, a short cut we take when demands are high and resources low. For example, it was found that morning people, whose peak function was early on in the day, fell back on stereotypic responses in the afternoon and for afternoon people, whose peak function was later on in the day, it was the reverse (1990). In this case, the amount of cognitive energy was the motivation to either reject or maintain a stereotype. In terms of the continuation of stereotypes, the motivation to reject them and process new information is thus a strong mechanism. It appears from the research (Clark Kashima, 2007; Lyons and Kashima, 2003; Lyons and Kashima, 2006; Lyons and Kashima, 2001) that stereotype-consistent information is more likely to be communicated than stereotype-inconsistent information, called the stereotype consistency bias. To test this, Lyons and Kashima (2001) investigated communication through a chain of people. The experiment involved one participant reading a story with stereotype-consistent and inconsistent information relevant to the stereotypes of footballers then reproducing it from memory to another person. The second person then read it to a third, and the third to a forth and so on and so forth (2001). As the story was communicated down the chain it became devoid of all stereotype-inconsistent information, effectively illustrating how communication is key in maintaining stereotypes. Clark and Kashima (2007) also found that the stereotype consistency bias would occur due to the social connectivity function found in stereotypes. In other words; when a stereotype was perceived as being socially shared it was more likely to be used. Thus, the social connectivity aspect of communication is a strong mechanism in the continuation of them. Subtyping occurs when any information from an individual, that undermines a group’s stereotype, is functionally placed outside of the group and thus not calculated when forming a stereotype (Park, Wolsko Judd, 2001). This leaves the overall stereotype unchanged even though aspects of it have been disproved. Kunda and Oleson (2001) have also found that members of one group do not generalize the neutral information of an individual in the out-group to members of that same group. In other words, it is the negative aspects of out-group members that are projected, while the neutral as well as the positive features are ignored. Subtyping provides us with another mechanism in the maintenance of stereotypes, as we can see through this model that stereotypes are able to effectively shed aspects which are proven to be inaccurate whilst still maintaining the overall stereotypical view. Stereotypes are a persistent and persuasive method of social categorisation. Socially we are primed towards engaging in stereotypes (Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler, 1990). In terms of communication we use stereotypes when we perceive that the people we are communicating with hold the same stereotypes and so stereotypes become a type of social lubrication, assisting communication (Karasawa, Asai, Tanabe, 2007). In this way, communication is also a motivation to not reject the stereotype and process new information. However, if we consciously allocated more cognitive resources we would reject the stereotype and process new information (Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen, 1994). Although the mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of stereotypes are intricate and complex, if the puzzle of these mechanisms were to be explained then, although we know that we should avoid stereotypes, we would understand how to. Blair, V. I. , Banaji, M. (1996). Automatic and controlled processors in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163. Bodenhausen, G.V. (1990). Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Psychological Science, 1, 319-322. Brown, R. (2000) Social identity theory: Past problems, current achievements and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 745-778 Castelli, L. , Zecchini, A. , De Amicis, L. , Sherman, S. J. (2005). The impact of implicit prejudice about the elderly on the reaction to stereotype confirmation and disconfirmation. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 24, 134-146. Clark, E.A. , Kashima, Y. (2007). Stereotypes help people connect with others in the community: A situated functional analysis of the stereotype consistency bias in communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1028-1039. Karasawa, M. , Asai, N. , Tanabe, Y. (2007). Stereotypes as shared beliefs: Effects of group identity on dyadic conversations. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 10, 515-532. Kunda, Z. , Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: Constructing grounds for subtyping deviants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565-579. Lepore, L, Brown, R. (1997) Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 275-287. Lipman (1922) as cited in Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2006). Maintaining stereotypes in communication: Investigating memory bias and coherence-seeking storytelling. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 59-71. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2003). How are stereotypes maintained through communication? The influence of stereotype sharedness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 989-1005. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture: Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Macrae, C. N. , Milne, A. B. , Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47. Park, B., Wolsko, C. , Judd, C. M. (2001). Measurement of subtyping in stereotype change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 325 – 332. Perdue, C. W. , Dovidio, J. F. , Gurtman, M. B. , Tyler, R. B. (1990). Us and them: Social catergorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 475-186. Rudman, L. A. , Borgida, E. (1995). The afterglow of construct accessibility: The behavioural consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 493 – 517.

Relationship of Digit Ratio With Cardiovascular Endurance

Relationship of Digit Ratio With Cardiovascular Endurance This first chapter represents a review of the conducted study. In this chapter, there are several subtopics that have been reviewed. The following topics provide the descriptions regarding to background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, hypotheses involved, conceptual framework, significance of the study, and definition of terms that been used in this study. Lastly, the structure of this study is outlined in the last part of the chapter. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Application of digit ratio which is known to be related to prenatal testosterone hormone had been used widely across the world and its submission in the area of sports, health and fitness had attracted a swarming interest among practitioner and generated many interesting findings. However, in the midst of discovering the application of digit ratio which mainly focused on adults, interest towards the children is still lacking which bring towards the establishment of this study. Digit ratio have stirred considerable amount of research in relation with various traits of putatively linked to sex hormone (Putz, Gaulin, Sporter, McBurney., 2004). Known as the ratio between the second digit, which is the index finger and the fourth digit, the ring finger had shown diversified results with several researcher reported significant correlations between digit ratio and such diverse traits as fertility, sexual attitudes and orientation, status, cognitive abilities, health and athletic prowess (Manning, Churchill Peters, 2007; Coates, Gurnell Rustichini, 2009; Manning, 2002a; Manning et.al., 2007; Williams et.al., 2000). The association between pattern formation and numbers of prenatal testosterone and estrogen may lie in the actions Homeobox or Hox genes in vertebrates, including humans, the Hox gene family is vital for the differentiation of both the urinogenital system (including the testes and ovaries) and the digit (Herault, Fradeau, Zakany Ulnaless., 1997). The sexual dimorphism is determined as early as the 14th week of fetal life, and remains unchanged at puberty. In children, digit ratio has been reported to be associated with measures of fetal growth, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, developmental psychopathology, autism and Asperger’s syndrome (Manning, 2004). Hence, if digit ratio is associated to prenatal testosterone and oestrogen then the differences such as finger ratio should also be determined in utero. Thus indicate that children should reflect differentiation of digit ratio which is fundamentally the same as in adults. Preceding information of major health problems and their threat factors towards children, abundant field based fitness test batteries have been developed to assess fitness in this population. In conjunction with the issues, major reviews covering the matter involved in obtaining accurate and reliable measurements have been published and this include the application of relative length of 2nd (index finger) and 4th (ring finger) as a predictive intervention to be used in diagnosis, prognosis, and in early life-style interventions which may delay onset of disease or facilitate its early detection (Manning Bundred., 2000) Precise measurement of children’s activity is thought-provoking, as the application is characteristically irregular and recurrent; consist of regular, short sessions. However, health related fitness is notoriously difficult to measure and these difficulties are particularly exacerbated when assessing activity in children. Numerous methods exist for the measurement of health related fitness. Selection of a measurement method depends on the purpose of the evaluation, the nature of the study population, and the resources available. The various components of health related fitness can be assessed accurately in the laboratory and, in many cases, in the field by using a composite of performance tests. Valid and reliable assessment measures are critical for identifying relevant trends in the activity patterns of young people and for determining the impact of intervention programs and curriculum implementation. Measures of health related components have been used for many years with children; however, these measures may not accurately reflect levels of their health. Prenatal testosterone has been shown to stimulate anabolic process in skeletal muscle and appears to be principal hormone responsible for the development of strength. Testosterone level increases during early stage of puberty to rapid increase in mid-late puberty in boys whereas high level of oestrogen causes inhibition of muscle growth as a result of skeletal maturation (Manning, Trivers, Thornhill Singh., 2000). Muscular strength improvement among children are negatively associated with changes in overall adiposity (Ruiz et.al., 2009). Clinical and invasive muscle strength measurement of different muscle group is time consuming and a quick and simple measurement might provide a good indication of general muscle strength. Therefore, in this study the implementation of digit ratio is predicted could be used as measuring tools for muscle strength as it had been found to be correlate with prenatal testosterone which is found to be significant with strength among adult male (Fink et.al ., 2006). Furthermore, prenatal testosterone exposure is believed to have an impact on the fetal cardiovascular system with higher levels of testosterone possibly assisting in the development of more efficient running economy (Manning et. al., 2007). There is a strong evidence signifying that cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence is a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as abnormal blood lipids, high blood pressure and overall and central adiposity later in life (Ruiz et.al.,2009). Adverse CVD (Cardiovascular Disease) risk factors during childhood also seem to track into adulthood (Andersen et.al, 2004) with evidence indicating that the main cause of CVD has their origin in childhood and adolescence (Mc.Gill et.al, 2000; Strong et.al., 1992). Therefore application of digit ratio measurement will be used in this study as a predictor to assess cardiovascular endurance among school. Rapid advancement in socioeconomics situation in many countries in Asia, including Malaysia, has resulted in significant changes in the lifestyle of communities which also affect children in this country. Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes among both children and adults (Freedman et. al., 2001) and overweight status tends to track from childhood into adulthood (Must et.al., 1992). Due to the treatment of obesity is unsuccessful frequently; primary prevention of obesity has become an important public health priority. Many experts have recommended that public health initiatives to prevent obesity should begin with our youngest children. Therefore, digit ratio which is closely related to prenatal testosterone hormone is predicted in this study to have direct relationship towards body composition physical level among school children. 1.3 CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE In studies investigating the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the major component of physical fitness that has been related to cardiovascular health or risk has been cardiorespiratory fitness or capacity (also referred to as cardiovascular, aerobic, or endurance fitness or capacity). Although other components of physical fitness, such as muscle strength or endurance, may relate to some aspects of cardiovascular health, few data document these relations. One of the major reasons for measuring cardiovascular fitness in studies of the relation between physical activity and health is that habitual physical activity status is one of the major determinants of cardiovascular fitness. Other determinants include age, sex, heredity, medical status, and selected health-related behaviours (Malina Bouchard, 1989). Thus, tests of cardiovascular fitness can be used as objective, surrogate measures of physical activity status with the understanding that factors other than activity influence the results. The magnitude of the effects of these other factors is generally reduced when changes in fitness are measured to verify changes in activity status. 1.4 MUSCULAR STRENGTH Muscle strength can be measured during performance of either static or dynamic muscle contraction (Wilmore, 1989). Like muscle endurance, strength is specific to the muscle group, and therefore the testing of one muscle group does not provide accurate information about the strength of other muscle groups (Clarke, 1973). Thus, to be effective, strength testing must involve at least several major muscle groups, including the upper body, trunk, and lower body. Standard tests have included the bench press, leg extension, and biceps curl with free weights. The heaviest weight a person can lift one time through the full range of motion is considered the person’s maximum strength. 1.5 BODY COMPOSITION Obesity in children and adolescents is both predominant and increasing in developed and developing countries and is therefore deemed a major international public health issue. Moreover, obesity tracks from adolescent to adulthood with obese adolescents at increased risks of morbidity and mortality in adulthood, irrespective of adult weight status. Obesity caused by chronic energy imbalance resulting in the storing of excess energy adipose tissue. Measuring physical activity following obesity treatment is important to elucidate how treatment has impacted on behaviour that influences energy balance. 1.6PROBLEM STATEMENT During the last decades, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the fitness of children and adolescents. As a result, numerous field based test batteries have been developed to assess fitness in this population. Field test provide reasonable alternative since they are time-efficient, low in cost and equipment requirement can be easily administered to a large number of people simultaneously. However, in order for the assessment to be considered, it should measure what it is supposed to measure. Therefore, digit ratio which is found to be negatively correlating with prenatal testosterone levels in humans could be established as a valid predictor to assess health related fitness and physical activity level will be discovered in this study. Many reported relationships of digit ratio are restricted to adult population. Small amount of research relating digit ratio with children had restricted the application of this method to act as an alternative field test. Biologic development of school age children occurs intensely, unevenly and differently among individuals. Greater sensitivity to detect biological sources of variation in children ability to exert maximum muscular effort (muscular strength) and the ability of heart to deliver oxygen to working muscle and sustain for long period of time (cardiovascular endurance) is believe could be predicted by digit ratio (prenatal testosterone hormone). If digit ratio in adults correlates with prenatal testosterone, it is expected to be presented in young children as the digit ratio among individuals should not change with growth and digit ratio should show little absolute change with growth in children (Manning et. al., 1998). PURPOSE OF STUDY The purposes of this study were threefold. First was to identify the relationship of digit ratio with cardiovascular endurance among school children. A secondary purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of digit ratio with muscular endurance among school children among school children. Lastly, the purpose of study was to provide current scientific evidence based data related with digit ratio in relation with body composition among school children that could be implemented as a new measurement intervention on measuring cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and body composition among school children. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition are predicted through digit ratio are the main objectives of this study. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: To determine the relationship between digit ratio and muscular strength among public school children in Selangor. To measure the relationship between digit ratio and cardiovascular endurance among public school children in Selangor. To determine the relationship between digit ratio and body composition among public school children in Selangor. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Based on the issues regarding muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition with digit ratio measurement that need to be addressed, the following hypotheses were formed to identify the outcome of this study. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the hypotheses are: Ho1 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio and muscular strength among public school children in Selangor. Ho2 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio and cardiovascular endurance among public school children in Selangor. Ho3 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio measurement and body composition among public school children in Selangor. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The outcome of this study is hope could act as an alternative approach on predicting muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among children through implementation of simple, quick and reliable digit ratio measurement. Besides that, this study also hopes could be part of a measurement application for talent identification consideration among children especially school children. Lastly, the significance of this study is hope to provide additional information with relationship of biological marker to identify muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among children as current biological testing to identify biological condition among children require laboratory testing only. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scope of this study is to provide new alternative and reliable method in predicting muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among school children in Selangor. This however will limit to only selected physical fitness test and not applicable for comparison with other physical test. Number of subjects will be used in this study is based on current student intake throughout public school in Selangor with consideration of age. Therefore, from 645 primary school in Selangor, a different amount of subject from different numbers of school may render different outcome. DEFINITION OF TERM Digit Ratio In this study, digit ratio is a relative length between the second finger (index finger) and the fourth finger (ring finger). It is sexually dimorphic with male having a lower mean compared to female and shown to be positively correlated with oestrogen and negatively correlated with prenatal testosterone. Cardiovascular Endurance A health-related component of physical endurance fitness that relates to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel during sustained physical activity and to eliminate fatigue products after supplying fuel which in this study indicate through bleep test. Muscular Strength Muscular strength is another health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the amount of external force that a muscle can exert. It is important as every human body movement require certain amount of strength in order to execute certain activities. This will be determine in this study through handgrip strength test. Body Composition Body composition refers to the combination of lean tissue and fat tissue in the body. In this study, body composition among school children will be determine through several measurement method which were the two sites skinfold measurement and body mass index in order to identify which method could be a valid predictor of body composition. Physical Activity Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle. Physical activity can be categorized by several variables including type and intensity. In this study, every school children physical activity level will be predicted through series of fitness testing as well as digit ratio measurement in order to determine current health related component level of school children especially in Selangor. Obesity Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Fundamental cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns are often the results of health and fitness implication among children which is also mainly the reasons why this research is conducted. Body Mass Index (BMI) Body mass index is a simplify calculation of weight-for-height that is usually used to classify overweight and obesity in adult and children. A BMI greater than or equal to 25 is oversight while BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obesity.

Innovation At Bajaj Automobile

Innovation At Bajaj Automobile Bajaj Group was established in 1926 by Jamnalal Bajaj is among the 10 business organizations in India, currently consists of 27 companies. Its footprint across a wide range of industry sectors, including automobiles (two-wheelers and three-wheelers), lighting, appliances, iron and steel, insurance, travel and financial. In 1945, Jamnalal Bajaj has formed a Limited, the Flagship Company of M / s Bachraj trading company private, selling imported two-wheelers and tricycles. By 1977, the companys factory launched the 100,000 vehicles in a single year. Another nine years, Bajaj Auto 500,000 a year. In 1994-95, Bajaj racing beat Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki international two-wheelers segments. The 1997 Bajaj in the domestic market is facing intense competition, its market share to 40.5%. Bajaj venturing into new markets and expand its product portfolio, from one brand to multi. Bajaj as a brand is well known in many countries of Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Bajaj Auto is listed as the worlds fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer and continues to be Indias largest exporter of two and three-wheelers. Vision- To achieve world-class excellence to demonstrate the value add the product to the customer Mission- Focus on the manufacture of value-based Continuous improvement Total removal of the waste Safe environment pollution free Objective Bajaj is provided in order to cater to the market of two-wheelers and three wheelers transport Bajaj require continuous improvements in existing products based on customer feedback Goal- Bajajs goal is to catapult as Bajaj Auto, the countrys largest car company Bajaj achievements in last three years: Bajaj Auto Achieved company of the year by Economic times award in 2010-11 2011-12, has been the companys best ever year, The company recorded the highest sales, export, and operating profit Bajaj is come from world fourth to world third highest motorcycles manufacturing FY 2012 Bajaj sales3.83 million motorcycle in India and abroad. Bajajs net sales and other operating income rose more than 19% to Rs 19808 crore Bajaj joint venture of Bajaj-KTM lunched Duke 200c Motorcycle in India Bajaj lunched Pulsar 200NS with DTS-i technology, from twin-spark two-valve has evolved to four-valve triple-spark. Bajaj innovation with its three wheelers product RE60 with four wheel auto Bajaj recant outstanding innovation: In 2012, Bajaj come with two products Bajaj lunched Pulsar 200NS This is a completely new engine and vehicle platforms have been designed to carry forward the legacy of Pulsar, Bajaj Auto brand of the most successful in the last decade. It has been designed to enhance and sharpen the image of sports brands. Pulsar 200 NS powered by a high performance 4-valve liquid-cooled engine with spark ignition triple, delivering 23.5 Ps, with a six-speed gearbox Bajaj joint venture of Bajaj-KTM lunched Duke 200c Motorcycle in India This model extends the new platform designed engines and vehicles together by Bajaj and KTM from 125 cc to 200 cc. Unlike the KTM 125, this model aims to market India as well as Europe. KTM 200 is powered by a high performance 4-valve engine is liquid cooled fuel injection delivers 25 ps, with a six-speed gearbox. It is equipped with state of the art features such as radial calipers for the front disc brakes, inverted front forks, cast aluminum swing arm and radial tires on both front and back. http://arunkottolli.blogspot.sg/2012/01/bajaj-innovates-with-re60.html http://www.asianage.com/taxonomy/term/1685%2B1686%2B1687%2B1684 http://www.automobileindia.com/news/duke-200c-motorcycle-joint-venture-of-bajaj-ktm-to-be-launched-at-auto-expo-next-year.html http://www.bajajmotors.com/profile.html#5 http://www.bajajauto.com/report/BAL-AR-2009-10.pdf Have Bajaj Make profit and why? Last five years financial data From above chart depicts that Bajaj Company is in a position to earn profit. In chart the income and profit is growing the come is grown by 19% to 19808 crore in Indian currency. Bajaj is well-known brand in India. Bajaj is present in more than 50 countries around the world in Africa, Latin America and South Asias dominance, market share is increasing every year Bajaj is market leader in motorcycle segment in Central America, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Nigeria, Uganda and Kenya. In 2009-10, company export of 891,002 units, an increase of more than 15% over the previous year. In 2009-10 Motorcycle total exports are 726,115, growth of 15%, compared to 2008-09. Bajaj is world tried highest manufacturing of motorcycle Bajaj has verity range of products for upper level class to lower level class, Bajaj always provide what the customer needs. Bajaj products give low fuel efficacy at affordable price with design and power engine to customers. http://www.bajajauto.com/global_bajaj.asp http://www.bajajauto.com/report/bal-2012-for-web.pdf http://www.bajajauto.com/report/BAL_AR_2010-11.pdf http://www.bajajauto.com/report/BAL-AR-2009-10.pdf Company Success: Bajaj Auto Ltd. has been focused on competitive prices to provide the best class model. Company has been a pioneer in the stretch to enter the competition to provide the latest feature updates the latest features, such as disk brakes, anti-skid technology and dual suspension at low price bikes price segment. Since 2000, Bajaj Auto has experienced several overlapping transition process. First, the company is able to create and perform basic processes of change in product and design it looks on the market in the engineering design and manufacturing, and a mind-set change in the organization. As a result, company has been the front-line player in the two-wheeled vehicle industry since then. Bajaj is a brand to create, to inspire confidence in all customers. Inspire confidence became the subject of Bajaj Auto, in fact, has made great achievements. In just three years, a number of exciting new models unveiled to meet the needs of different market segments, product innovation to come to the fore, and has the dominant position in the high-end market order which means Bajaj Auto, while the other players is also a tough game, even in other areas of the motorcycle market. Then the next stage of Bajaj success Distinctly Ahead, This is symbolic, because it, Bajaj Auto, litigation and products should be the obvious leading the competition. According to one of the senior officials from the company, To be ahead is important; but to be distinctly ahead even more so. Being innovative in project initiatives was the mantra to this strategy and Bajaj excelled in it. The innovative campaigns of Distinctly Ahead took the companys gross sales from Rs.47.4 billion in 2002-03 to over Rs.106 billion in 2006-07 a growth of 124 per cent in four year Why it necessary for Bajaj Auto to employ innovation into company Why innovation is so important : For economic growth in Bajaj Auto innovation is necessary. Innovation is the path to economic growth. Industry is growing. Products are growing. Meet the needs of the market, a new product, process or service innovation is the creation of new knowledge and change. Therefore, the innovation of companies and industries, create new businesses and the growth of the primary source. For the progression of human well-being in Bajaj, innovation takes important part and creates new businesses. At the same time, new businesses can create new jobs. Create a new job for obvious reasons, personal income, and the human health and well-being for individuals to achieve all offers. For competitive advantage, innovation is so important for Bajaj. Today market is full with competitors and among them if Bajaj want to lead to market he have to adopt innovation in company For taking advantage of opportunities, innovation is necessary. Innovation help Bajaj to get advantage for new technology and use opportunities to be lead in market For batter revenue, Innovation is itself one kind of investment. Its like you invest one time in innovation and its well give you back company investment for many years. E.g. innovation increase your seals, seals increase your production, production increase you profits. For business survivals, in todays market competition innovation is like survivals for company. With innovation Bajaj can give fight to his competitors in market. Today the technology is change so speedily and if Bajaj want to go with market company have to adopt innovation Market is changing very fast company have to come out with new product with replace of old product so it can attract the new customers Now the market is growing and growing, customers have too many selection and in this situation, company should understand the customers need and give then what they want with their value for money Best innovations can reduce costs and increase efficiency, good after applying innovations, the company can do more with less financial pressure to release http://www.aca.cloverpad.org/Resources/Documents/Cohen-TOP%2010%20Reasons%20Why%20We%20Need%20INNOVATION.pdf Benefits with innovation Leader in market: today there are so many competitors in market in all segment, innovation help company to become market leader with its innovative product E.g. Bajaj premium product pulsar help Discover make Baja leader in India market Reduces cost: innovation help in reduced cost in manufacturing and process. Innovation gives more with less. E.g. Bajaj TPM (total productive maintenance) police help Bajaj to process more in same time then before. Fulfill customers need: customer is king of market. Company success is depending on customer. With the help of innovation company provide customer new technology with power and style E.g.: Bajaj understand the market need and produces what customer need like Bajaj products are law fuel efficiency with power and style at affordable price and Bajaj has large number of product for each segment like Bajaj Pulsar is for younger and bike lover and Bajaj Discover is for targeting the age of 30 to 50 and Bajaj also have Kristal for woman Creating Brand: innovation help company to create spared brand image in market in all competitors and being monopoly for company E.g.: Bajaj Innovation DTS-I engine give Bajaj monopoly in low fuel efficiency engine with two spark plugs instant of one. Bajaj launched with Bajaj premium product pulsar in 2002 to give competition in market. Today in India market Bajaj Pulsar is hot in demand. Bajaj with DTS-I engine provide low fuel efficiency with style and pickup. What type of innovation has been deployed in Bajaj and challenges when deployment of Innovation Following are the successful innovation done by Bajaj Auto Ltd: Product Innovation: Pulsar Bajaj has managed to bring new products to market, which is valued by customers. The most innovative and successful offers from Bajaj Pulsar version happens in contributing to sales of Bajaj controls. The back bone of Bajajs success since its launch pulsar .It was launched in 2001, following the success of Hero Honda CBZ, a bicycle performance. Each year has seen innovations were made in version Pulsar bikes ranging from body basic engine. 2003- Developing DTS-i (Digital Twin Spark Ignition) technology 2004- with addition of Alloy wheels in stand of the convention spike wheels and the head lamp featuring a hood 2005- Increased fuel tank capacity, bigger allow wheels 2006-add self cancelling turn indicators, twin-stripe LED tail-light assembly and whole new look body 2007 lunched pulsar 220 DTS-Fi (Digital twin spark fuel Injection) 2009-Go one more step ahead and lunched pulsar 180 CC model with twin variable in wide and spilt seals 2012- Pulsar 200 NS lunched with combustion system triple spark Process Innovation DTS-i Bajaj is based on a common platform i.e. assembly line for most of its products that help company to be economical, both in terms of time and cost. It also has a set of common components, including component DTS-i engine because most of Bajaj bikes are equipped with the patented technology. Quantitative changes common engine allows the production of engines ranging from 150 cc to 220 cc for Pulsar variants, creating distinctive enough between vehicles while gaining efficiency advantages. With the dynamics in the market, Bajaj has restructured products, channels and project .Bajaj management system is one among influential bike manufacturers in the Asian market and since the company has tasted success in a pilot project in some other parts of the world. JIT In addition to the uniqueness of the Portfolio Management has been discussed in the previous section, the company is also believed to be in the way Toyota manufacturing for the premium segment bikes. All variants under the premium segment Made-to-order, involving Lean manufacturing and inventory Just-in-Time. This means that there is an optimal use of resources to reduce waste levels and demand-supply match better. Although, customers had to wait a bit longer for this type of ordinary people, lead time maintained from a healthy distribution network provided by both Bajaj outsourced logistics services and exclusive. Marketing Innovation Supply chain Bajaj has been linked to 380 from 483 dealers through mySAP eEnterprise Portal which was performed concurrently with the R / 3 SAP during ERP which enables a seamless flow of information throughout the business chain. Approximately 165 of the total 200 providers connected through this portal to improve information sharing. All those involved in the supply chain to get up-to-date information on all business transactions that assist in streamlining supply chain operations for greater efficiency. Bajaj has a collaborative network planning. All activities required and the relationship among partners is clear to the development and growth of each project can be implied from the presence of global delivery Bajaj. Network A total restructuring was made on retail network, to allow multiple sales channels. Bajaj started a project to completely redesign the companys retail network, and create more sales channels. The company began creating separate sales channels for each segment of its business. According to company sources, the restructuring is said to involve separate networks offers catering to urban and rural markets and its three-wheeler and premium bike segment. Bajaj Auto also plans to set up an independent network of rural dealers. Brand Brand to correspond promise or trust company owns and Baja was able to build a strong brand that resonates in the mind of every customer. In 2001, Baja, marked its foray into domestic partnership Allianz insurance and eventually received a goodwill payment of INR 45 crores from the German company to use its brand due to the influence hefty Bajaj Indian market. Bajaj Pulsar brand continues to be a success story for Baja. Advertising company goal is to promote word-of-mouth advertising through innovative approaches. Pulsar Mania, a partnership with MTV stunt show Stunt Mania is an example. Bajaj brand is easily recognized throughout India and some other Asian markets where Bajaj has presence. The logo mark with his name written next to the initial B was recently changed to a new font attractive. Ideally, every company wants to be innovative in all sizes, but only a few companies such as Bajaj is a combination of these dimensions. The challenges for innovation Innovation is very important as well as necessary for company to surviving in competition market. For come with innovation company has to face so many challenges. Here some challenges faced by Bajaj Company RD strategy: During the process of new product innovation in Bajaj, the biggest challenge of uncertainty products. Although the RD department has trying best to coming up with new products that can meet the demands and needs of customers. Still there is a chance that the new product will not be welcomed by customers. Uncertainty whether the new product will be accepted by the majority of customers is quite a change for the company to deal with. Another challenge of launching new products is increasing R D costs. When Bajaj decide how innovation will launch a new product, it is necessary to invest large amounts of money to the R D of new products before a new product can bring any profit. Lack of funding: for bring new innovation in company, company need big amount good innovation not come in small amount. At the time of innovation Bajaj need strong financial. Competing competitor: when Bajaj come with new product in market, the success of that product depend on customers need the best example of this is Bajaj innovation product Pulsar is so popular in market while Bajaj Kristal is not get success in market. Change industry stature: while Bajaj come with innovation in management process with TPM (total productive maintenance) Bajaj has to change its whole management stature. Collaboration with other company: collaboration with other company can combine the advantages of both companies, but it will also bring a number of issues, such as loss of autonomy and some conflict. The two companies are responsible for the new organization. States that are not strong and tough enough may lose autonomy in the new joint venture. And sometimes, the two companies are from different countries. There will be a number of cultural conflicts arising from incompatible objectives and not only between levels of management, but also work together that works for different companies before complementary strategic alliances. Evaluate how innovations have changed Bajaj and lead it to todays success DTS-i engine: In the early days, it was the bike fuel efficient and smaller segments that hold shares of Indias leading two-wheeler market. No premium segment of any indication to the launch and success of Hero Honda CBZ in 1999, which informed the huge demand for performance motorcycles. Not later Bajaj took the cue and launched the all new variant in the premium segment, Pulsar in 2001s. The project has been successful since its launch because it gives new life to the performance segment. Although not a pioneer, Pulsar make a performance segment the fastest growing segment in the two-wheeler market with some variants of Pulsar DTS-i and the Avenger DTS-i, Bajaj Auto has the dominating (61%) in this segment. Since variant of Pulsar was launched, following years saw the grading occurs with sportier look. Furthermore, the USP of this model is DTS-I. When normally every bike manufacturer has content with conventional spark plug ignition, Bajaj came with innovative ideas introduced in place of the tw o sparkplugs. DTS-I provides an efficient fuel combustion and better performance in all conditions, with twin spark plugs and 8 bit microprocessor chip. Two sparkplugs means more ignition resulting in increased combustion thereby reducing losses. It is a pilot launch eventually turned out to be a success. An initiative, including new variants such as the Pulsar 200 DTS-i and Pulsar DTS-Fi (fuel injection), which comes with more upgrades and has been well received in the market. Unique features such as fixed projector fairing, clip on handle bars and rear disc brakes, diagnostic functions, digital indicator, high rigidity frame and high performance front and back suspension system makes this model a benchmark for other players. After 4 years of amazing success with Pulsar 200, Bajaj stopped production yet and focused more on variant of Pulsar 220 and Pulsar 135 also brought about recently. Another important step by the company is in the matching market demand, the company has also in troduced crystal-an automatic scooter with many convenience features, along with excellent fuel efficiency DTS-i engine, a first segmented across the Indian market. Distinctly Ahead captions not merely since Bajaj believe in the importance of a clear future. In line with this, an initiative in the field of IT has undertaken to supply just in Time (JIT) and inventory which means make-to-order for a specific segment. The entire system is these vendors networked by a single LAN, enabling efficient information flow. Supplies were triggered by E-Kanban, and stock levels are determined by the number of vehicles and engines produced as a single request. This makes it more outsourcing vendor managed inventory (only similar and not actual outsourcing) so that we can concentrate on our core business. Innovation in Management Bajaj Auto management innovation make separating from other companies is the way they maintain a well-balanced product portfolio of the following strategies cannibalization. Cannibalization outsiders shelf product to replace it with another product. Although most firms off the shelf product for two main reasons: One is when the product is in production fails to meet expected revenue and earnings and the second when the product reached its saturation point and can no longer continue, Bajaj believes in determining the lifetime of some variants of itself outer shelf variants thus well before the saturation level. In the case of Pulsar variants that have become the backbone of Bajaj since its launch in 2000, Pulsar 200 satisfy specific market segment performance as the bike has recently been postponed although it has raised predictable profits. This was made to capture market share and grow the market Pulsar 200 Pulsar 220. Resource companies believe that the company is able to achieve w hat they wanted. To be innovative organization must favor the interaction, networking, permanent comings and circumstances, all kinds of negotiations that allow for rapid adaptation and this is all that is present in fertilizers has made it possible to be an innovative organization. In Product Portfolio Management, the first step is to create a product strategy, the next is to allocate the resources needed for the project and finally assess the risk-return projects. Bajaj involve end users in product strategy and thus make a more affirmative marketing research. Costumers were asked to participate in surveys. This brought in more ideas for the company on what the market expects in reality from being conventional. Therefore, the company can use mapping techniques to find the right model for new launches and it goes again. Product portfolio can be brought into a balanced flow, with a strong and innovative concept that is unique in the new Bajaj. In order to capture the lost market entr y in the bike segment, the company launched 100cc Discover 135cc Pulsar in the second and third quarter of 2010 after closing the production of Pulsar 200. According to a recent annual press meet, Mr. Bajaj, Chairman Baja was quoted as saying, We have reinvented our marketing strategy and this was confirmed by the growth in market share thanks to Pulsar and Discover. The key lies in specialization especially when it means addressing a bigger market. Company is believed to have added that refined product portfolio to accommodate more space for bikes that allows the scooter to make way. At the exit scooter segment and about cannibalization strategy he has said Sacrifice is an important part of strategy and is essential for success. Consequently, we had to make way scooters for motorcycles. And further, to have a diversified portfolio, the company has put each variant to a specific market; Search for commuter segment and Pulsar for performance segment.An effective strategy was finally about strong brand positioning at the front-end while keeping things simpler at the back-end comprising design, manufacturing and development. This emphasizes the efficiency of manufacturing facilities have similarities in the assembly line and lead user involvement alone while they design products.

Actions Of The Government And The Increase In Prices :: essays research papers

Actions of the Government and The Increase in Prices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States economy is currently producing at a level of full employment in long-run equilibrium. The government then decides to increase taxes and to reduce government spending in an effort to balance the budget. The results of the actions taken by the government is the decrease of real GDP. When taxes are increased that the amount of disposable income that is available to consumers is lowered. This lowered level of disposable income leads to a decrease in consumption spending as well as a decrease in savings. This decrease in consumer and government spending causes the total spending to decrease by a multiplied amount, As a result of the decrease in total spending the aggregate demand decreases and the aggregate demand curve shifts to the left. This decrease in consumer and government spending also causes businesses to have a surplus of inventories. At this point the output is greater than spending and as a result prices begin to fall. Because of the surplus of goods and falling prices consumption becomes more desirable to consumers and the level of consumer spending rises. The fall in prices causes business to become less profitable and producers decrease the level of production. This results in the decrease of the aggregate quantity supplied to decrease. This continues until aggregate quantity demanded equal the aggregate quantity supplied and a period of short- run equilibrium is established. The real GDP and the price level have both decreased from the original long-run equilibrium level and the economy is operating under the full employment level. At this point the U.S. economy is at a recessionary gap and a monetary policy must be used to pull the economy from the current recession.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three options that the Federal Reserve has to try and end the current recession. The federal funds rate could be lowered, the discount to banks could be lowered, or open market operations could be used. The most effective of these three options is the use of expansionary monetary policy through open market operations. The first step in this option is for the Federal Reserve to start to purchase bonds from consumers. As the Federal Reserve begins to buy these bonds back the bond prices are increased to make the selling of these bonds more attractive to consumers. When the Federal Reserve purchases a bond from a consumer a check is issued to the seller for the agreed price. This higher bond prices also lowers interest rates. The seller then deposits this check into his/her bank. This action increases deposits in the

Creative Story: Grandpa :: essays research papers

Creative Story: Grandpa We were going to Las Vegas for vacation. I was looking foward to having a lot of fun there. When we finally got to Las Vegas,it felt like an oven jacked up all the way. When we got to the room it felt like when you open a refrigerator. Then we went to see all the major attractions, like Cesar's Palace, this was one of my favorites because when you go inside the roof looks like the sky inside of a building. I also took some pictures in front of the hotel near the water fountain. The MGM Grand was my second favorite because when you go inside it this thing were you go in and walk around and see the play Wizard of Oz. I also liked thePyramid because outside the is this image of a persons face that appears on the splashing water. That image was all done with Lazers. Las Vegas is a nice place to see a lot of cool hotels and sites. Then it was even better because it was at night and all the hotels were lit up. It looked like it was Christmas everyday there. Every single hotel was lit up of all different pictures. We had fun seeing that but it was time to go back to the hotel room. When we got back the front desk informed us that somebody had called from San Fransisco. We all had an idea of what it was about. My mom and grandma were both sobbing. They were crying in way that didn't show. My dad and I felt very sad even though we didn't know my grandpa very well. Before we had gone to Las Vegas we sat down with my aunt and my mom said " if anything happened to my grandpa to call us at the hotel room." When we heard that they had called we were all sweating as if it was raining right above us. When we called back it seemed like an eternity. My mom called, you could hear every button that she punched in. We also could hear the ringing from the call. Finally, my aunt picked up and started talking to my mom about how they called from Lima, Peru saying that my grandpa was waiting to die until they got there. So that same night we called Hertz and said that we had to get back to San Fransico and we were going to leave the car tomorrow. There was a big fit because my dad had already paid for three days but we only used it one day.

Persuade to Stop Physical Bullying

Physical Bullying Physical bullying is a serious problem, affecting not only the bully and the victim, but also the other students who witness the bullying. Parents, teachers, and other concerned adults and young people should be aware of what physical bullying is and some of the ways to handle it. There are many types of negative physical interactions that can occur between young people, including fighting, practical jokes, stealing, and sexual harassment. These things are not considered physical bullying unless: * The same victim is targeted repeatedly The bully or bullies intend to hurt, embarrass, or intimidate the victim   * The actions occur in a situation with a real or perceived imbalance of power, such as when the bully is stronger than the victim or has a higher social standing In this context, physical bullying can take many forms: * Hitting * Pushing * Tripping * Slapping * Spitting * Stealing or destroying possessions, including books, clothing, or lunch money Physical bullying may also cross the line into sexual harassment or sexual assault.Physical bullying occurs most often at school, though it can also occur on the way to and from school and after school. Middle school is the age when bullying is most common, with almost all middle school students being affected directly or indirectly by bullying. This is an age where young people want more to fit in with their peers, making some students more likely to bully or condone bullying to fit in, while those who don't fit in stand out more as victims.Bullying can also occur in earlier grades, as well as through high school and even into adulthood. Physical bullying is more likely to occur among males, though females may also be the perpetuators or victims of physical bullying. Bullies may have any number of reasons for bullying others, such as wanting more control over others, and wanting to fit in. Bullies are often physically stronger than their victims and have friends who condone their behavior. Students who bully others, however, often have trouble with self control, following rules, and caring for others, and are at higher risk for problems later in life, such as violence, criminal behavior, or failure in relationships or career. Victims of physical bullying are usually physically weaker than the bullies, and also may be socially marginalized for some reason, including weight, ethnicity, or other characteristics that make it harder for them to fit in. Bullying can have serious consequences for the victim, leading to low self esteem, depression, trouble at school, and sometimes even violent behavior.Some signs that a student may be a victim of physical bullying include: * Coming home from school with bruises, cuts, or other unexplained injuries * Having damaged clothing, books, or possessions * Often â€Å"losing† things that they take to school * Complaining of frequently not feeling well before school or school activities * Skipping certain classes * Wanting to av oid going to school or going to school a certain way, such as taking strange routes home from school or not wanting to ride the bus * Acting sad or depressed Withdrawing from others * Saying they feel picked on * Displaying low self esteem * Mood swings, including anger or sadness * Wanting to run away * Trying to take a weapon to school * Talking about suicide or violence against others If a student is a victim of bullying, show love and support to the child and explain that the bullying is not their fault, and that what the bully is doing is wrong. Talk to the victim to find out when and how the bullying is taking place, then talk to teachers and school administrators about the problem.Bullying should always be taken seriously. Don't encourage the victim to fight back. Often the best way to deal with bullies is to avoid them or react as little as possible. Unfortunately, with physical bullying this is not always possible. Staying with a friend or friends or where adults are superv ising can sometimes help deter the bullying. If the victim is struggling with feelings of depression or anger, seek counseling to help them deal with their emotions. If a student is being a bully, tell them that the behavior is not acceptable.All young people should be taught to respect others and that bullying is not acceptable. Parents should talk to their children often about what goes on at school, including their friends and if they ever see or experience bullying. Parents should encourage their children not to support bullying, even by watching it, and to report it if it's happening. Depending on the situation, the student may be able to stand up to the bully, show support for the victim, or at least walk away from the bullying and report it to an adult.Parents of victims or of bullies can also encourage schools to have stronger anti-bullying measures, like anti-bullying campaigns, careful adult supervision of students, zero-tolerance policies, and counseling for students invo lved in bullying. Sources: SAMHSA Family Guide, â€Å"Bullying Affects All Middle School Kids† [online] Nemours, TeensHealth, â€Å"Dealing with Bullying† [online] Consortium to Prevent School Violence, â€Å"Fact Sheet #2: Bullying Prevention† [online] HealthNewsDigest. com, â€Å"Know the Signs of Physical Bullying† [online]

Edward Said

In any part in the world, there is no place to be but home. Home is a place where we feel safe and take refuge. But how we will feel if this is taken from us? The essay by Edward Said, â€Å"States,† narrates the story of about his country, Palestine, and the struggle of his countrymen. He also shares the passion of his homeland which we can relate to. â€Å"States† exemplify the experiences and perceptions of how important a home is to a common Palestinian. Our country is a big part of who we are. As we are born, we are destined to become a part of it. It becomes part of our identity. Things that we grew up with meant something to us. We usually treasure things that became part of our lives. Even unconsciously, we take hold of it. Home brings us memories, memories that we want to hold on up to our last breath. It plays a big role to our development, as a child and as a person fully. Home is part of ourselves which became a foundation of we are today. To be away from home makes us feel empty or incomplete in a sense. This is experience by people who are exiled from their own homeland. Exiles are treated as aliens and feel shame to one’s pride. As Said explains â€Å"exile is a series of portraits without names, without context. † (Said,555). Exile is a miserable thing. Nothing can be so embarrassing than to be taken away from home. It saddens a person to feel a stranger to his own country. One is not only deprived of the social rights but as well as the freedom. As described in the essay of Edward Said an exile is referred as â€Å"present absentees† where to their homeland, they are vanished and as for the host country they are viewed as aliens.

Critical Lens Essay

Trust is a very valuable thing is one’s life. Without trust, it is next to impossible to go through life. Graham Green happens to agree with this as she had once said, â€Å"†¦ it is impossible o go through life without trust†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One can interpret this quote as trust being an essential aspect to life and in order to go through it, there must be someone or something a person can put his or her faith in. Two works of literature that reflect this quote are The Fault in Our Stars by John Greene and A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. Trust sometimes helps people strengthen themselves to be able to go through tough times in life. John Greene proves so in his book, The Fault in Our Stars. Hazel and Augustus are able to build a strong relationship. The author uses characterization in order to build trust between the two characters. Since Hazel was able to put her faith in Augustus, her character became stronger and started to have more confidence in herself. Augustus, a philosophical teenager, helps Hazel live her life in the limited time that she has although he, himself was dying. Both characters became stronger and were able to live their life as much as they could because of how they made each other feel. Augustus made sure Hazel never looked down on herself. When it was time for Augustus to go, Hazel was strong enough to give him a proper good-bye. In Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, trust is used in order strengthen the relationships within the family. When Mama receives the insurance check that the family was waiting for, Mama decides to buy a house with the money. Doing so creates a conflict between Walter Lee. To make things right, Mama entrusts him with the rest of the money. But, Walter Lee breaks the whole family’s trust by investing the money in the liquor store even though he told not to do so. When his friend runs away with the money, Walter Lee realizes his mistake. It was the family’s faith in Walter Lee, which let them forgive him. The family knew that he truly regretted what he had done and that he would do everything in his power to try and gain their trust. Trust is the key to building relationships and maintaining them. In John Greene’s The Fault in Our Stars and Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun, the trust and faith is what keeps the characters headstrong. Hazel and Augustus’s trust helps them stay optimistic through their illness. The Younger family’s trust within themselves helps maintain their relationships with each other and get through tough obstacles in life. Both works of literature prove that trust is essential to life.

Evaluating the Research Process Essay

* The most important steps in a research project or study is accomplishing a literature review. A literature review is the process of gathering information from other sources and documenting it. This is not a report or a statement verbatim according to Creative Research Systems (2010). A literature review is a significant and a detailed evaluation of earlier research. It is a summation and abstract of a particular aspect of research, allowing the individuals evaluating the paper to understand why one is tracking a particular research study. It is not an assortment of quotes and rephrase from additional sources. A good literature review should have selected evaluations of the quality of the study, and conclusions of the research study. While reviewing Commendador, 2010, Parental influences on adolescent decision- making and contraceptive use. Published in the Pediatric Nursing May-June 2010, The study hypothesis stated in the article according to Commendador, 2010 â€Å"the United States and the health care industry are researching various ways to lower the adolescent pregnancy rate, thus identifying paternal communication, specifically maternal communication with their adolescent is showing to be a major factor of adolescent delay in sexual intercourse, and a major factor of contraceptive decision making. However, the study also revealed the effects of paternal communication was not readily available, therefore the research statistics are not equalized, and supporting the determination of furthering the research of this subject. * Ethical considerations for data collection * Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. Research procedures may produce some * apprehension between the purpose of research to make generalized statements for the benefit * of others, and the rights of the research subjects in preserving privacy. Ethics, in research * relates to doing what is morally correct and evading any harm. The damage or harm can be * alleviated or decreased through the use of appropriate ethical principles. Thus, the * security of human subject matter or contributors in any research study is essential. Qualitative * research studies center the research on investigating, probing, and describing individuals and * their ordinary surroundings. Fixed in the qualitative research studies are the perception of * associations between researchers and the research participants. The study subject’s * anticipation to partake in a research study solely rests upon a research subjects compliance to * share his or her encounters. Nurse researchers are obligated to sustain equilibrium research * ethics in addition to the security of the research subjects. Qualitative research is * attentive of the events of individuals in relation to the subject which is studied. Still nurse * researchers may discover that their position as researchers may perhaps be in conflict. * Qualitative studies are normally performed in surroundings relating to the involvement of * ndividuals in their daily setting. As a result, any research that consist of individuals commands * an understanding of the ethical concerns that may be resulting from the exchange of * communications. Ethics in research includes the relevance of the research purpose, and the * procedural strategy, in addition to the manner in which information is reported. * The nurse researcher conducting the study relies mainly on previous research studies conducted by several other research entities, which demonstrates ethical collection and reporting. The research study’s primary focus is on adolescent sexual behavior. This subject dealing with under-age children has to be handled with the utmost of confidentiality. The researcher as well as the data reported does not identify the individual minor participant, nor are family member participants indentified in any way. The integrity of the participants and the research study, in the observers opinion was without biasness and completely anonymous. * * What data tells us in terms of statistical analysis Largely, the definitive objective of every research study is to find the relationship between the unpredictable, according to Statsoft Electronic Statistics Textbook (2012). The viewpoint of research states† that there is no other way of representing meaning except in terms of relations between some quantities or qualities† both ways involve a relationship between changeable matter. The statistics gathered and reported in this study in the reviewers opinion, is statistically significant. Statistic significance is defined in research as probable, probably true not due to chance according to Creative Research Systems (2010). However, the statistics reported are focused on the maternal communication with adolescents and does not represent the paternal communication with the adolescent due to the lack of research subject interviews with the fathers. In addition, the interviews conducted did not include those adolescents that had sexual contact and were actively pregnant. The researcher, to better understand the decisions regarding sexual contact and the lack of using birth control methods, should have interviewed this group of adolescents as this group could have communicated more information based on the decisions that were made which resulted in a pregnancy. Also interviewing the parents of this group of adolescents could have also given more insight on the maternal communication. Conclusion Although the statistics possibly could have been more precise and reported in more detail had the research subject sample size been larger, if the fathers had been surveyed, and if the group of adolescents that were presently pregnant had been surveyed. Even though the statistics were not balanced, the conclusion matched the results of the research study. The research question asked in this study, does the parental communication with the adolescent influence the contraceptive decisions that are made by the adolescent? The research study states that the maternal communication with the adolescent daughter increases positive decision making on behalf of the adolescent regarding contraceptive decisions. The positive effects that maternal interaction is influencing is associated with lowering the teenage pregnancy rate and has increased the use of contraceptives. The conclusion drawn answers the research question posed in this study. The conclusion states the results of this text review indicate an connection between parent communication and parenting style, and adolescent sexual interest and making birth control decision. The parental exchange of ideas with the adolescent is as significant now as it was 25 years ago. Maternal communication and contact has an abundance of potential as an intercession to enhance optimistic adolescent decision making and regarding contraception and premature sexual contact. Maternal interaction is possibly influential in lowering adolescent pregnancy and is successful in promoting sexually active teenage girls to make use of birth control methods. The conclusions are appropriate according to the information collected. Again, one must consider the differences in the outcome of this study had the omitted groups been surveyed . According to the conclusion of this study â€Å"More research is needed in the area of parenting style, maternal influence, and adolescent contraceptive behavior. The potential relevance for practice is that mother-daughter dyads should be included in any health promotion around female adolescent sexuality, (Commendador, 2010), the author of this paper decided the study is somewhat effective. The statistics supported the objectives that were measured, however there were other aspects that the researcher should have surveyed which would have made this study much more relevant. The purpose of research is to either generate or test a hypothesis. Research is the device used to investigate to discover if a hypothesis is acceptable or not. It is the process by that data is collected to create an assumption or to test an assumption. Therefore, based on what research is defined as, the researcher attained and supported the purpose of the research study. While the researcher’s theory was supported with the information compiled from the study, the data also supported the necessity and importance of continuing further research regarding adolescent sexual behavior and contraceptive decision making. The nurse researcher also recommends various options to address this very serious issue that plagues the United States. Suggested discussions of sexuality and the process of making choices regarding contraceptive methods would be beneficial if included in the educational curriculum of the school system, as well as be an aspect of the pediatric providers’ educational routine in pediatric health centers providing care to older children. Discussions among nurse practitioners, mothers, and daughters might promote conversation about sexuality, such as teen maturity, the changing body, the processes of decision making regarding sexual activity, and contraception. The researcher thoroughly covered the research topic in an effective manner, and through the analysis of the data collected made relevant recommendations, showing research evoking action plans.